Published online before print August 2, 2007, doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.489559
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(Stroke. 2007;38:e92.)
© 2007 American Heart Association, Inc.
Letters to the Editor |
Why a Sex Difference in Age-Adjusted Relationship Between Height and Stroke Mortality?
Clinical Age Assessment Unit, Department of Medicine, Mid-Western Regional Hospital & University of Limerick, Dooradoyle, Limerick, Ireland
To the Editor:
We read with interest the study by Hozawa et al,1 who concluded that height is inversely related to stroke mortality and that the relationship is statistically significant among women but not men when adjusted for age. The authors put forward several possible confounding factors including age effect and the impact of classic stroke risk factors. Adjusting for these variables, however, did not fully attenuate the relationship between height and stroke mortality in women. We feel that the following points need to be considered in order to better understand this age-adjusted sex difference in the relationship between height and stroke mortality.
Although the authors examined the possibility that systolic blood pressure may have been a confounding variable in the relationship between height and stroke mortality, the potential effect of pulse pressure (PP) was not analyzed. PP is an independent risk factor for stroke mortality.2 It is possible that differences in PP resulting from differences in arterial structure and function between the sexes could better explain this phenomenon.
It is increasingly being realized that abnormalities in large artery structure and function play an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular disease including stroke.3 PP is the pulsatile component of blood pressure generated through intermittent ventricular contraction. Whereas PP is influenced by several cardiac and vascular factors, its magnitude is predominantly determined by the cushioning capacity of arteries or arterial stiffness and the timing and intensity of pressure wave reflections.4 The latter results from the summation of a forward wave coming from the heart propagating at a given pulse wave velocity and a backward wave returning from points of arterial bifurcations (reflection points). Therefore, central arterial PP magnitude is ultimately and predominantly determined by arterial stiffness and the distance from reflection sites either ‘real’ (physical distance to point of reflection) or ‘apparent’ whereby heightened pulse wave velocity attributable to increased arterial stiffness causes reflection points to appear closer.
In Hozawa’s study,1 the inverse relationship between stroke mortality and height was attenuated with age in men. As aging is associated with increased vessel stiffness,5 it could be that in older men, vessel stiffness is the more important determinant of PP and thus stroke mortality. Conversely, because a significant factor in determining the physical distance to be traveled by the pulse wave and hence PP is physical stature, it is possible that this rather than vessel stiffness is the more important determinant of PP and thereby stroke mortality in women.
In addition, previous studies5,6 have shown that women have larger reflected waves than height and age-matched men. Thus, there are also unexplained sex differences in arterial structure and function that lead to increased wave reflection in women which may in part account for the apparent sex difference in height-adjusted stroke mortality observed by Hozawa.1
In our view, future studies of sex-related differences in stroke risk and mortality should not only take height and ‘classic risk factors’ into account but also hemodynamic factors that influence PP. These surrogate measurements of large vessel structure and function should include aortic pulse wave velocity (stiffness) and pulse wave analysis (wave reflectance).4 Elucidating sex differences in arterial structure and function is important because this approach may have future therapeutic implications for stroke prevention.
Acknowledgments
Disclosures
None.
References
1. Hozawa A, Murakami Y, Okamura T, Kadowaki T, Nakamura K, Hayakawa T, Kita Y, Nakamura Y, Okayama A, Ueshima H; the NIPPON DATA80 Research Group. Relation of adult height with stroke mortality in Japan: NIPPON DATA80. Stroke. 2007; 38: 22–26.
2. Weitzman D, Goldbourt U. The Significance of various blood pressure indices for long-term stroke, coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality in men: The Israeli Ischemic Heart Disease Study. Stroke. 2006; 37: 358–363.
3. Nichols WW, Edwards DG. Arterial elastance and wave reflection augmentation of systolic blood pressure: deleterious effects and implications for therapy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Therapeut. 2001; 6: 5–21.
4. Nichols WW, O’ Rourke M. McDonald’s Blood Flow in Arteries: Theoretical, Experimental and Clinical Principles. London, UK: Arnold; 1998: 54–401.
5. Mitchell GF, Parise H, Benjamin EJ, Larson MG, Keyes MJ, Vita JA, Vasan RS, Levy D. Changes in arterial stiffness and wave reflection with advancing age in healthy men and women: The Framingham Heart Study. Hypertension. 2004; 43: 1239–1245.
6. Gatzka CD, Kingwell BA, Cameron JD, Berry KL, Liang YL, Dewar EM, Reid CM, Jennings GL, Dart AM. Gender differences in the timing of arterial wave reflection beyond differences in body height. J Hypertens. 2001; 19: 2197–2203.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
Related Article:
Stroke 2007 38: e93.
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