Published online before print November 29, 2007, doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.496067
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(Stroke. 2008;39:e17.)
© 2008 American Heart Association, Inc.
Letters to the Editor |
Carotid Intervention in Asymptomatic Patients
The Vascular Biology Unit, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
To the Editor:
I read with interest the commentary by Dr Qureshi regarding the present guidelines for carotid angioplasty and stenting.1 I agree with the conclusion regarding the need for further data from randomized controlled trials to clarify the present guidelines. However, the author also mentions one present indication for carotid stenting from the The Collaborative Panel of the American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology, the American Society of Neuroradiology and the Society of Interventional Radiology to include "asymptomatic stenosis 
90% or near occlusion in high surgical risk patients or those who refuse to undergo carotid endarterectomy after proper informed consent".1 The present evidence for performing any carotid intervention in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis is based on 2 randomized controlled trials which compared carotid endarterectomy and medical therapy (Table).2,3 These 2 trials showed an overall reduction of stroke from 
12% to 6% at 5 years.2,3 This was achieved with a very low procedural risk of stroke or death of <3% (see Table). The trials did not demonstrate a clear high-risk subgroup of patients with asymptomatic carotid stenoses on medical treatment. In particular these trials demonstrated no relationship between benefit of carotid intervention and severity of carotid stenosis (Table). This finding is disparate to that of symptomatic carotid stenosis where there is a relationship between stenosis severity and stroke risk on medical therapy, although interestingly near occlusive lesions are at reduced risk and therefore benefit little from surgery.4 The Stenting and Angioplasty with Protection in Patients at High Risk of Endarterectomy Study is the only trial that has supported any advantage of stenting over endarterectomy.5 The perioperative stroke and death rate in the 159 patients who actually received stenting in this study was 4%, ie, higher than achieved in the 2 trials demonstrating benefit of surgery over medical therapy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis.2,3 The perioperative outcome in other trials of carotid stenting (and surgery) has been considerably worse.6,7 The stroke risk associated with asymptomatic carotid stenosis treated medically is low and particularly in patients with major comorbidities (often identified as high risk for surgery), where survival is limited, intensive medical therapy rather than stenting or surgery would appear appropriate at present, irrespective of lesion severity.
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Acknowledgments
J.G. is a Practitioner Fellow of the NHMRC, Australia (431503).
Disclosures
None.
References
1. Qureshi AI. Carotid Angioplasty and Stent Placement after EVA-3S Trial. Stroke. 2007; 38: 1993–1996.
2. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA. 1995; 273: 1421–1428.
3. Halliday A, Mansfield A, Marro J, Peto C, Peto R, Potter J, Thomas D; MRC Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial (ACST) Collaborative Group. Prevention of disabling and fatal strokes by successful carotid endarterectomy in patients without recent neurological symptoms: randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004; 363: 1491–1502.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
4. Rothwell PM, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov SA, Fox AJ, Taylor DW, Mayberg MR, Warlow CP, Barnett HJ; Carotid Endarterectomy Trialists’ Collaboration. Analysis of pooled data from the randomised controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Lancet. 2003; 361: 107–116.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
5. Yadav JS, Wholey MH, Kuntz RE, Fayad P, Katzen BT, Mishkel GJ, Bajwa TK, Whitlow P, Strickman NE, Jaff MR, Popma JJ, Snead DB, Cutlip DE, Firth BG, Ouriel K; Stenting and Angioplasty with Protection in Patients at High Risk for Endarterectomy Investigators. Protected carotid-artery stenting versus endarterectomy in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351: 1493–1501.
6. CAVATAS investigators. Endovascular versus surgical treatment in patients with carotid stenosis in the Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2001; 357: 1729–1737.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
7. SPACE Collaborative Group; Ringleb PA, Allenberg J, Bruckmann H, Eckstein HH, Fraedrich G, Hartmann M, Hennerici M, Jansen O, Klein G, Kunze A, Marx P, Niederkorn K, Schmiedt W, Solymosi L, Stingele R, Zeumer H, Hacke W. 30 day results from the SPACE trial of stent-protected angioplasty versus carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2006; 368: 1239–1247.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
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