Published online before print May 15, 2008, doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.519561
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(Stroke. 2008;39:e121.)
© 2008 American Heart Association, Inc.
Letters to the Editor |
Coiling and Aneurysm Rerupture: Incomplete Treatment Is a Causal Intermediate Not a Confounder
Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
To the Editor:
The article by Johnston et al reporting an analysis of the predictors of aneurysm rerupture after treatment in the Cerebral Aneurysm Rerupture After Treatment (CARAT) study1 captured our attention. The authors are to be commended for their large multicenter approach to this important question. We are concerned, however, that the analysis underemphasizes the relationship between coiling and aneurysm rerupture and that the probability values reported in the abstract regarding this relationship may be misleading.
First, the unadjusted probability value for the comparison of rerupture rates between coiling and clipping (P=0.092) does not account for the high rate of retreatment reported previously by the investigators. Retreatment occurred in 35 of 299 (12%) patients undergoing coiling versus 12 of 711 (2%) undergoing clipping.2 Because retreatment may alter the probability of rerupture, not censoring these patients could violate the fundamental assumptions of the log-rank test.3 Indeed, in the body of the article, the authors report that when patients that were retreated were censored, there was a significant relationship between rebleeding and whether the aneurysm was treated by coiling or clipping (P=0.02). This latter analysis should be included in the abstract.
Second and more importantly, the multivariable adjustment includes the degree of treatment because this is said to be a confounder. This results in the conclusion that coiling and aneurysm rerupture are unrelated (P=0.83), contradicting prior studies indicating that the risk of rerupture is higher after coiling than clipping.4 The reason for this is that the degree of treatment is a causal intermediate in the pathway from rupture to treatment to prevention of rebleeding. If one adjusts then for the intermediate factor, the treatment that preceded it becomes insignificant. The standard definition of a confounder is a variable related to both the intervention and the outcome, but not part of the putative causal pathway between the intervention and the outcome. Adjusting for a true confounder decreases bias in the estimate of treatment effect. Adjusting for even a partially causal intermediate will incorrectly remove a true association.5 The current study displays a relationship between degree of aneurysm occlusion and postprocedural rupture. It also emphasizes the relationship between coiling and incomplete aneurysm treatment: the odds ratio for a residual neck and a residual aneurysm associated with coiling are 11.2 (P<0.0001) and 5.9 (P<0.0001), respectively (contingency analysis of data in Table 2). From a pathophysiological perspective, residual aneurysm after treatment of a ruptured intracranial aneurysm seems like it should be considered a primary intermediate in the pathway between treatment and postprocedural rupture. As such, adjusting for this variable removes the significant relationship between coiling and rerupture.
The CARAT study provides further evidence that coiling is an effective and lasting treatment for ruptured intracranial aneurysm, particularly when complete treatment can be achieved. This study also demonstrates a significant association between coiling and aneurysm rerupture that is mediated in part by a higher proportion of incomplete aneurysm occlusion.
Acknowledgments
Disclosures
None.
References
1. Johnston SC, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Lawton MT, Duckwiler GR, Gress DR. Predictors of rehemorrhage after treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms: The Cerebral Aneurysm Rerupture After Treatment (CARAT) study. Stroke. 2008; 39: 120–125.
2. Rates of delayed rebleeding from intracranial aneurysms are low after surgical and endovascular treatment. Stroke. 2006; 37: 1437–1442.
3. Bland JM, Altman DG. The logrank test. BMJ. 2004; 328: 1073.
4. Molyneux AJ, Kerr RS, Yu LM, Clarke M, Sneade M, Yarnold JA, Sandercock P. International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: A randomised comparison of effects on survival, dependency, seizures, rebleeding, subgroups, and aneurysm occlusion. Lancet. 2005; 366: 809–817.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
5. Weinberg CR. Toward a clearer definition of confounding. Am J Epidemiol. 1993; 137: 1–8.
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