Published online before print February 19, 2009, doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.528976
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(Stroke. 2009;40:1332.)
© 2009 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contributions |
Clinical and Imaging Data at 5 Days as a Surrogate for 90-Day Outcome in Ischemic Stroke
From the Departments of Neurology (K.C.J., K.M.B.) and Public Health Sciences (K.C.J., D.P.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and the Department of Radiology (Y.H.D.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY.
Correspondence to Karen C. Johnston, MD, MSc, University of Virginia Health System, Department of Neurology, #800394, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0394. E-mail kj4v{at}virginia.edu
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Abstract |
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Background and Purpose— A simple, easily measured surrogate outcome measure for use in early treatment trials for acute ischemic stroke therapies would be highly valued. We hypothesized that day-5 NIH stroke scale score (NIHSS) and day-5 diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) volume would predict clinical outcome better than either alone and could be considered as a possible surrogate outcome in early phase acute stroke trials.
Methods— The prospective Acute Stroke Accurate Prediction (ASAP) trial included a prespecified subgroup evaluated for early outcome. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the prediction of modified Rankin (mRankin) of 0 or 1.
Results— A total of 204 subjects completed the substudy, and 116 (57%) had excellent outcome at 3 months. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for day-5 NIHSS predicting 3-month excellent outcome was 0.84; for DWI volume predicting outcome was 0.76, and for the multivariable model combining both was 0.84.
Conclusions— The results of the early outcome substudy of the ASAP trial suggest that early stroke severity and infarct volume measures are predictive of 3-month excellent outcome. In our data set the DWI volume does not add clinically relevant information in predicting 3-month outcome. Validation of these results is required.
Key Words: cerebral ischemia • prognosis • stroke outcome • models • statistical • surrogate
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Introduction |
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A simple, valid, reliable, sensitive, and inexpensive tool to accurately measure patient outcome in stroke clinical trials would be highly valued.1 A surrogate measure that identifies early outcomes has been proposed.2–4 Early NIHSS score as a measure of stroke severity is highly predictive of 3-month outcome in acute ischemic stroke patients,2 and acute diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) data adds to the prediction.5 We hypothesized that the combination of day-5 NIHSS score and DWI volume in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients would be more predictive of 3-month clinical outcome than either alone.
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Subject and Methods |
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As described previously, the ASAP trial was a prospective, single center, observational trial of AIS patients who underwent clinical and imaging assessment within 24 hours of stroke onset and were followed for 90 days.5 A prespecified early outcome substudy of the ASAP trial included subjects who underwent additional imaging and clinical assessment at day 5 (±2) based on previous data.6 All subjects were eligible for the substudy until enrollment was complete. Of the total 266 from the ASAP trial, 209 were in the substudy and 204 of these were included in this analysis. Five patients were excluded because of missing day-5 NIHSS scores. All subjects provided written informed consent, and the protocol was IRB approved.
We used univariate regression analysis to assess the association of day-5 variables with 3-month mRankin score. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate the multivariable relationships. Model performance was measured by AUC for discrimination with success defined as AUC 
0.8.7 The multivariable models were adjusted for age and tPA treatment to control for confounding.
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Results |
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Baseline and day-5 characteristics and the 90-day clinical outcomes are shown in the Table. The univariate logistic regression analysis of the day-5 NIHSS score had an AUC of 0.84. The univariate day-5 DWI volume had an AUC of 0.76. The combined model including both variables demonstrated an AUC of 0.84.
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An additional analysis adjusting for the potential effect of treatment with tPA did not change the model estimates (data not shown) or the relative statistical importance of NIHSS score or DWI volume.
Age was a statistically significant covariate at the 0.01 level in all models. The AUC increased to 0.82 for the DWI model and to 0.87 for the NIHSS score model and combined model when age was included.
An accompanying online nomogram provides a means to determine the probability of an excellent 90-day clinical outcome for an individual patient using the age-adjusted day-5 NIHSS score (see supplemental Figure I, available online at http://stroke.ahajournals.org).
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Discussion |
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Our data from the early outcome substudy of the ASAP trial demonstrate that day-5 imaging and clinical information are highly predictive of 3-month outcome in AIS patients. The AUC of the univariate model using early outcome NIHSS score was 0.84 which exceeded our prespecified definition of success (0.80); however, the addition of the early imaging data did not improve the accuracy of the prediction. A previous study using CT infarct volumes measured between days 6 and 11 demonstrated only modest correlation between infarct volume and 3-month clinical outcomes.8 MRI adds information in the acute stroke setting but offers no clinically relevant improvement on 3-month outcome prediction.5
Based on our data, a scoring system using age-adjusted day-5 NIHSS score to predict functional outcomes is most likely to have the greatest clinical utility. Age-adjustment of the day-5 NIHSS score maximizes predictive accuracy because of the strong independent association of age and mRS. A simple nomogram can provide the adjustment for younger patients with mild to moderate strokes, but should be used cautiously before external validation (supplemental Figure I).
Our study is limited by small sample size, single site of enrollment, and young population with mild strokes. A larger sample may have demonstrated a significant contribution by DWI. The additional predictive power added by imaging was much smaller than estimated and may have resulted from the use of a single volume measure that did not capture information on infarct location or evolution.6 Incorporation of perfusion MR sequences,9 or clinical covariates such as diabetes or prestroke disability may have improved predictive power.
The relationships identified in this study have not been externally validated. As the sample size is small and our cohort was young with mild to moderately severe strokes, these data are only hypothesis generating requiring validation in a more robust data set.
Early clinical status is a strong predictor of 3-month outcome and may be useful in clinical and research settings. For proof of concept studies, use of a day-5 outcome may substantially reduce the time, cost, and frequency of subjects lost to follow-up while allowing an accurate determination of the appropriateness of proceeding to phase III trials. Additionally, this information may provide an imputation method for trials with early outcome information and a small number of patients missing final outcome data. The strong prediction supports a potential role for day-5 outcome. Once validated, our simple nomogram (supplemental Figure I) may be valuable in similar populations and may be useful in trials with adaptive designs and rapid accrual, as they may facilitate early adjustment of pretrial estimates of event rates. These potential benefits may, in some trials, outweigh the disadvantages of an imperfect but highly predictive estimate of 3-month outcome.
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Acknowledgments |
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The authors gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the ASAP trial investigators and patients, without whose efforts this work would not have been possible. Special gratitude is expressed to Dr David Kallmes at the Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota for his contributions in leading the imaging evaluation team. The authors dedicate this manuscript to the memory of Doug Wagner who died just days before it was submitted.
Sources of Funding
This research was funded by the National Institutes of Health- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NIH-NINDS) (K23NS02168); The ASAP study was funded by the NIH-NINDS (K23NS02168), and Drs Johnston and Wagner received support from this grant.
Disclosures
None.
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Footnotes |
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Deceased. 
Received June 17, 2008; revision received September 2, 2008; accepted September 26, 2008.
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References |
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1. Lees Kennedy R, Hankey Graeme J, Hacke Werner. Design of future acute-stroke treatment trials. Lancet Neurology. 2003; 2: 54–61.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
2. Johnston Karen C, Wagner Douglas P, Haley EC Jr, Connors Alfred F Combined clinical and imaging information as an early stroke outcome measure. Stroke. 2002; 33: 466–472.
3. Higashida Randall T, Furlan AJ. Trial Design and Reporting Standards for Intra-arterial cerebral thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2003; 34: e109–e137.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
4. Brown Devin L, Johnston, Karen C. Wagner Douglas P, Haley EC Jr. Predicting major neurological improvement with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator treatment of stroke. Stroke. 2004; 35: 147–150.
5. Johnston KC, Wagner DP, Wang Xin-Qun, Newman George C, Hijs Vincent, Sen Souvik, Warach Steven for the GAIN, Citicoline and ASAP Investigators. Validation of an acute ischemic stroke model. Does diffusion-weighted imaging lesion volume offer a clinically significant improvement in prediction of outcome? Stroke. 2007; 38: 1820–1825.
6. Baird AE, Benfield A, Schlaug G, Siewert B. Lovblad KO. Edelman RR. Warach S. Enlargement of human cerebral ischemic lesion volumes measured by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol. 1997; 41: 581–589.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
7. Harrell FE. Regression Modeling Strategies. New York: Springer 2001.
8. Saver JL, Johnston KC, Homer D, Wityk R, Koroshetz W, Truskowski LL, Haley EC and the RANTTAS Investigators. Infarct volume as a surrogate or auxiliary outcome measure in ischemic stroke clinical trials. Stroke. 1999; 30: 293–298.
9. Thijs VN, Adami A, Neumann-Haefelin T, Moseley ME, Marks MP, Albers GW. Relationship between severity of MR perfusion deficit and DWI lesion evolution. Neurology. 2001; 57: 1205–1211.
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