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(Stroke. 2005;36:1896.)
© 2005 American Heart Association, Inc.

Original Contributions

Heme Oxygenase-1 Is Expressed in Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques Infected by Helicobacter pylori and Is More Prevalent in Asymptomatic Subjects

Sebastian F. Ameriso, MD; Agustina Ruiz Villamil, MD; Christine Zedda, BS; Juan C. Parodi, MD; Sergio Garrido, MD; María Inés Sarchi, PhD; Marcelo Schultz, HT; Jorge Boczkowski, MD, PhD Gustavo E. Sevlever, MD, PhD

From the Institute for Neurological Research (S.F.A., A.R.V., J.C.P., M.S., G.E.S.), FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institut National de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (C.Z., J.B.), INSERM, Paris, France; and the School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry (M.I.S.) and General San Martín Hospital (S.G.), University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Correspondence to Sebastián F. Ameriso, MD, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Montañeses 2325, (1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina. E-mail sameriso{at}fleni.org.ar

	Abstract

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Background and Purpose— It is not well established what are the features, if any, that distinguish symptomatic from asymptomatic carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Inducible heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a component of cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative stress. We aimed to assess the presence of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) and the expression of HO-1 in carotid atherosclerotic plaques of patients with and without prior neurologic symptoms attributable to the operated artery.

Methods— We examined 25 symptomatic and 23 asymptomatic carotid atherosclerotic plaques removed during endarterectomy and 7 normal carotid arteries obtained at autopsy. We investigated the presence of H pylori DNA in the vessel wall and performed immunohistochemical detection of HO-1.

Results— H pylori DNA was present in 28 plaques and HO-1 was expressed in 30 plaques. HO-1 was found in 27 H pylori-positive specimens but in only 3 H pylori-negative specimens (P<0.001). All 7 normal carotid arteries were negative for both H pylori and HO-1. Although 82% of asymptomatic specimens were positive for H pylori and 87% for HO-1, only 36% of symptomatic specimens were positive for both H pylori and HO-1 (P<0.01).

Conclusions— This study suggests a strong association between H pylori infection and expression of HO-1 in carotid atherosclerotic plaques. There was a substantial prevalence of these features in specimens obtained from asymptomatic subjects.

Key Words: atherosclerosis • carotid arteries • infection • inflammation • stroke

	Introduction

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The prognosis of equally severe symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid stenoses is quite dissimilar, suggesting differences in plaque composition.¹ Nevertheless, studies to find triggers of plaque rupture in carotid arteries have been largely unsuccessful. It is as yet unclear how a stable asymptomatic plaque becomes an unstable symptomatic lesion. Most prior research has attempted to establish characteristics present in symptomatic plaques that may influence their behavior. Surface ulceration, plaque rupture, fibrous cap thinning, cap infiltration by large numbers of macrophages and T cells, and smooth muscle cell (SMC) apoptosis are more often found in specimens from symptomatic patients.¹ High levels of the proteolytic enzymes matrix metalloproteinases have been demonstrated at the site of the inflammatory infiltrate in the fibrous cap of symptomatic patients.² One report documented increased intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in the stenotic region of symptomatic plaques.³ However, other investigators were unable to reproduce these findings.⁴ Conversely, whether there are systemic or local factors that may promote plaque stabilization and maintain an asymptomatic condition is so far uncertain.

See Editorial Comment, pg 1901

Several investigations have established an association between systemic infections and occurrence of coronary disease and stroke.^5–9 Infectious agents have also been found in atherosclerotic plaques in diverse territories, including carotid arteries.^10,11 However, the clinical significance of microorganisms resident within the arterial wall has not been entirely elucidated. It is possible that the effects of local infection are quite dissimilar to those of systemic infections. Although infectious agents have been associated to the initiation and progression of the atherosclerotic process, there is scant data regarding the relationship between the presence of microorganisms and occurrence of neurologic events in the territory of an affected cerebral artery. So far, it is unknown whether plaque infection leads to changes affecting its susceptibility to rupture and occurrence of symptoms. The presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in carotid atherosclerotic plaques appears to be unrelated to prior symptoms.¹² Furthermore, the existence of microorganisms is not a universal phenomenon, and it is conceivable that they do not participate in the initial steps of the atherosclerotic process but reach the plaque at some point during disease progression.

Seropositivity for Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) has been postulated to be an independent risk factor for vascular events, including ischemic stroke, especially when the more virulent Cag A strain is found.^13–15 H pylori can elicit oxidative stress during host colonization in experimental models¹⁶ and is one of the microorganisms involved in the concept of "infectious burden."¹⁷ The bacillus is present in a substantial number of carotid atherosclerotic lesions and is associated with features of inflammatory cell response.^11,18

Heme oxygenase (HO) is a rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of heme into equimolar amounts of biliverdin, iron, and carbon monoxide (CO).¹⁹ These resulting reaction products appear to mediate cytoprotection against several insults related to oxidative stress.²⁰ Three isoforms of HO have been identified: HO-1, HO-2, and HO-3. Only HO-1 is inducible and its synthesis is elicited by a variety of stimuli, including infections, heavy metals, ultraviolet irradiation, fever, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL).^20,21 HO-1 is postulated to be a component of cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative stress-mediated injury and belongs to a family of cytoprotective genes of the vascular wall.¹⁹ Such protective effect of HO-1 can be explained by several mechanisms. HO-catalyzed CO release has potent antiinflammatory and antiapoptotic effects and may promote oxidation of fatty acids through inhibition of cytochrome P-450.^20,22 HO-1 induction modulates vascular tone through the production of CO under "stressful" conditions, and this gas plays a major antiproliferative role, mediated by cGMP, inhibiting the synthesis of growth factors from vascular cells.²³ Furthermore, CO blocks SMC growth and modulates the expression of platelet-derived growth factor-ß.^19,20,23 Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that bilirubin exhibits potent antioxidant properties, preventing the oxidative damage triggered by a wide range of oxidant-related stimuli.²⁴ Bilirubin can act as a strong peroxyl radical scavenger and is capable of inhibiting LDL oxidation and monocyte chemotaxis induced by oxidized LDL, and the adhesion of neutrophils elicited by ischemia/reperfusion.²² Ferritin is a cytoprotective molecule with antioxidant effects based on its capacity for free iron chelation.²⁰ It is expressed in atherosclerotic lesions and can be induced by oxidized LDL.^25–27 The enzyme may promote reendothelization of blood vessels at sites of vascular injury through stimulation of endothelial cell proliferation.²⁸ HO-1 deficiency in humans is associated with endothelial damage.²⁹These potential beneficial effects of HO-1 expression make it a likely candidate to be considered a factor that promotes stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques.

The objective of the present study was to advance further in the investigation of features that may affect clinical stability of carotid plaques. We aimed to assess HO-1 expression in atherosclerotic specimens obtained at carotid endarterectomy from patients with and without prior neurologic events in the operated territory (ie, symptomatic and asymptomatic plaques). We also investigated the relationship among HO-1 expression, detection of H pylori in the vessel, and the presence/absence of neurologic symptoms.

	Materials and Methods

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Subjects
The investigation was approved by the institutional ethics committee and subjects gave written informed consent. A detailed medical history was obtained for every patient followed by physical and neurologic examinations. Every subject was evaluated before surgery by a neurologist who also reviewed ancillary tests. Percent stenosis was calculated using standardized criteria by duplex ultrasonography, magnetic resonance angiography, and/or digital substraction angiography. Every subject had stenosis 70%. According to NASCET criteria, we considered symptomatic plaques those from patients who had experienced a transient ischemic attack or stroke in the territory of the operated artery within the last 180 days.³⁰ These criteria were chosen because they allow identification of subjects at high risk of future cerebrovascular events secondary to carotid disease, suggesting instability of the lesion.

Carotid Plaques
We studied 48 atherosclerotic plaques obtained during carotid endarterectomy and 7 carotid arteries of autopsy material from subjects without carotid atherosclerosis. Samples were obtained between March 21, 1997, and December 30, 2002. Specimens were fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin and subsequently decalcified in formic acid when required. All samples were routinely processed, paraffin-embedded, and cut serially to expose coronal planes of the carotid artery and atheromatous plaque. Several sections were prepared from each specimen for hematoxylin and eosin, elastica van Gieson, periodic acid-Schiff, Giemsa, and immunohistochemical staining.

Immunohistochemistry
The following antibodies and dilutions were used for immunohistochemistry: factor VIII–von Willebrand at 1:100 (polyclonal rabbit antibody; Dako Corp), CD31 at 1:50 (PECAM, clone 1A10; Novocastra), and CD34 at 1:100 (clone QBEnd/10 at 1:100; BioGenex). After deparaffinization, sections were microwaved in 10 mmol/L sodium citrate buffer at pH 6.0 for 10 minutes and incubated with the antibodies. Sections incubated with normal mouse or rabbit IgG at the same dilutions served as negative controls. As a second step, biotinylated horse anti-mouse or goat anti-rabbit IgG (Vector Laboratories Inc) was applied and detected by use of the ABC Elite kit (Vector Laboratories Inc) with diaminobenzidine as substrate. Endothelial preservation was assessed by immunohistochemical detection (avidin–biotin method) for CD34, CD31, and factor VIII–von Willebrand factor.

H pylori Detection
High-molecular-weight DNA was isolated from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue according to standard procedures following a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique.^31,32 Briefly, the PCR reaction used a set of primers that amplified the gluM gene between positions 784 and 1077, rendering a 294-bp amplification product. H pylori DNA was amplified in a 50 µL reaction mixture containing 10 mmol/L Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.4, 50 mmol/L KCl, 1.5 mmol/L MgCl₂, 2.5 mmol/L of each deoxynucleoside triphosphate (Pharmacia/LKB), 1 mmol/L of each primer, and 2.5 U of Taq DNA polymerase (GIBCO-BRL). Reaction tubes were placed in a thermal cycler (PTC-200; MJ Research). Initial denaturing was carried out at 95°C for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles of amplification consisting of 95°C for 1 min, 55°C for 1 min, 72°C for 1 min, and a final extension cycle of 72°C for 7 min. In a separate reaction tube, a second set of primers for the ß-globin gene was incubated with the DNA template and served as a control to monitor the amplification ability of a single copy gene. PCR-amplified DNA was subjected to electrophoresis on a 2% agarose gel containing ethidium bromide. Samples from microbiologic cultures were used as positive controls.

Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression
After paraffin removal and hydration, sections were rinsed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and incubated in blocking buffer (PBS containing 1% bovine serum albumin and 2% normal goat serum) for 1 hour at room temperature. They were then pretreated by microwave heating for antigen retrieval. Slides were incubated with HO-1 monoclonal antibody (StressGen Biotechnologies) used at 1:1,000 dilution in TTBS–1% bovine serum albumin. Incubation was done during 1 hour at room temperature and antibody concentration was 1.2 mg/mL. Slides were washed in PBS and successively exposed to a biotinylated goat antiserum to mouse IgG (Dako) diluted 1:500, and a complex of streptavidin–biotin–alkaline phosphatase (Dako). Localization of phosphatase alkaline was revealed by using Fast Red substrate solution (Dako). Three experiments were performed to assess the specificity of the immunostaining: first, preincubation of the primary antibody with recombinant HO-1 protein in a 1:10 molar ratio; second, by replacement of the primary antibody with a control isotype antibody; and lastly by omitting the primary antibody.³³

HO-1 immunocytochemical expression was evaluated under a light microscope and assessed semiquantitatively as –, negative; +, weak; ++, moderate; and +++, intense as described previously.³⁴

Statistical Methods
Mean and standard deviations for continuous variables and frequency for dichotomous variables were calculated. The Fisher’s exact test (2-tailed) or chi-square test was used to examine association of H pylori DNA presence, HO-1 expression, and presence/absence of symptoms. The binary logistic regression model was used to estimate the probability that an event occur (ie, H pylori infection, HO-1 expression, or prior symptoms) and to identify the variables useful in making the prediction of such probability. An error probability of 0.05 or less was considered significant. SPSS 12.0 software was used.

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusions References

 
Patient population consisted mostly of inner-city residents with private health insurance. Although social status was not specifically assessed in the study, patients at our institution are typically middle to upper/middle class subjects. We studied 48 atherosclerotic plaques from 47 patients receiving endarterectomy for the management of severe internal carotid artery stenosis. We were unable to reliably measure percentage stenosis on the carotid specimens because the material was usually partially fragmented when received by the Pathology Laboratory. Visual inspection of the plaques confirmed the severity of the stenosis in every sample.

There were 25 symptomatic and 23 asymptomatic plaques. One subject was first operated on his right symptomatic carotid artery and 2 years later underwent surgery on his left asymptomatic carotid artery. Demographic and clinical data are shown in Table. There were no differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects except for a higher prevalence of men in the symptomatic group (Table). None of the subjects had atrial fibrillation, dilated cardiomyopathy, previous extense myocardial infarction, severe cardiac insufficiency requiring therapy, or a demonstrated procoagulant state. None of the subjects had a history of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, or gastric cancer.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Epidemiologic Data for the Study Population (no. of patients=47)

HO-1 was expressed in 30 of 48 specimens (63%) localized mainly in the endothelium, SMC, and macrophages (Figure 1). H pylori DNA was present in 28 atherosclerotic plaques (58%). HO-1 was found in 27 of 28 H pylori-positive specimens and in 3 of 20 H pylori-negative specimens (P<0.001, chi-squared test). The 7 normal carotid arteries were negative for both HO-1 and H pylori. We found a strong association among asymptomatic plaques, HO-1 expression, and H pylori presence (Figure 2). Although 19 of 23 asymptomatic specimens (83%) were positive for H pylori and 20 of 23 (87%) for HO-1, only 9 of 25 symptomatic plaques (36%) were positive for both H pylori and HO-1 (P<0.01, Fisher exact test, 2-tailed). Interestingly, the patient who was operated on both carotid arteries had H pylori and HO-1 on the asymptomatic plaque alone. Only 1 of 9 symptomatic patients positive for both H pylori and HO-1 had a stroke, whereas the remaining 8 subjects had transient ischemic attacks. The association among H pylori infection, HO-1 expression and absence of prior neurologic symptoms was still significant in a multivariate logistic approach, including age, gender, and vascular risk factors and considering H pylori infection and HO-1 expression as independent factors (P<0.01).

View larger version (57K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. A, Carotid atherosclerotic plaque. Immunostaining for heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Original magnification 400x. Immunodetection of HO-1 in the endothelial area is shown. B, Carotid atherosclerotic plaque. Immunostaining for HO-1. Original magnification 200x. Immunodetection of HO-1 in smooth muscular cells and macrophages is shown. C, Carotid atherosclerotic plaque. Immunostaining for HO-1. Original magnification 1000x. Immunodetection of HO-1 in macrophages is shown.

View larger version (10K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. A, Expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in symptomatic and asymptomatic plaques. Black = HO-1-negative; white = HO-1-positive. *P<0.01, Fisher exact test (2-tailed). B, Detection of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) in symptomatic and asymptomatic plaques. Black=H pylori-negative; white=H pylori-positive. *P<0.01, Fisher exact test (2-tailed).

HO-1 expression was weak in 0 plaques, moderate in 8 plaques, and intense in 22 plaques. The results were similar when only the 22 plaques with intense HO-1 expression were analyzed. Twenty-one of these specimens were H pylori-positive, and 17 of them had been obtained from asymptomatic subjects. HO-1 expression was more frequent in specimens from hypercholesterolemic subjects. Of 27 plaques from hypercholesterolemic patients, 20 (74%) were positive for HO-1, whereas 10 of 21 (48%) normocholesterolemic patients had plaques that were positive for HO-1 (P<0.05). However, there was no association between hypercholesterolemia and either H pylori presence or prior symptoms.

Presence of ulceration, thrombosis, and other pathologic features were routinely assessed. There was no correlation between pathologic criteria of plaque stability and H pylori presence or HO-1 expression.

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusions References

 
This study demonstrated expression of HO-1 in a substantial number of human carotid atherosclerotic plaques. The enzyme was more prevalent in specimens obtained from carotid arteries of asymptomatic subjects. Also, most symptomatic plaques with HO-1 expression were from subjects who had sustained transient neurologic symptoms but not fully developed strokes. Prior evidence, together with these results, supports the emerging concept of a possible beneficial vascular role of the enzyme. HO-1 expression has been shown to provide protection against several noxious stimuli, including infections.³⁵ HO-1 in atherosclerotic lesions can ameliorate oxidative stress through biologic actions of its reaction products, CO, ferritin, and biliverdin. HO-1 may inhibit inflammatory processes in the vessel wall, potentially acting as a vascular protector that stabilizes the atherogenic process.³⁶

The present data confirmed that H pylori infection is common in carotid plaques. A prior study did not find differences in the rate of H pylori infection between symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. It is possible that a larger sample size and more strict criteria to define prior symptoms in the present investigation accounted for the discordance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evidence of a strong association between HO-1 expression and presence of H pylori. Although intriguing, our findings do not prove a causal relationship among local H pylori infection, HO-1 expression, plaque stabilization, and absence of symptoms. Further research is needed to establish if H pylori infection of the atherosclerotic plaque may promote oxidative stress and induce a protective reaction. The role of other infections of the vascular wall and their potential to induce HO-1 expression are unknown. We cannot rule out that other factors are responsible for expression of HO-1 in these subjects. HO-1 induction by oxidized phospholipids has been reported in previous studies.²⁴ We found an association between hypercholesterolemia and HO-1 expression. However, hypercholesterolemia was not related to H pylori infection and presence/absence of prior symptoms.

In summary, our study demonstrates that HO-1 expression is highly prevalent in asymptomatic plaques. Therefore, HO-1 may be a novel, clinically relevant therapeutic target in vascular disease. A potential role of H pylori in oxidative stress-mediated injury and a subsequent defense reaction represented by HO-1 expression deserves further investigation.

	Conclusions

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusions References

 
We assessed the presence of H pylori and the expression of HO-1 in 25 symptomatic and 23 asymptomatic carotid plaques. H pylori was found in 28 plaques. HO-1 was expressed in 27 of 28 H pylori-positive plaques but only in 3 H pylori-negative specimens. Although 83% of asymptomatic plaques were positive for H pylori and 87% were positive for HO-1, only 36% of specimens from symptomatic patients were positive for H pylori and HO-1. This study demonstrates a strong association among H pylori infection, HO-1 expression, and absence of symptoms in subjects with carotid atherosclerosis.

Received March 31, 2005; accepted May 4, 2005.

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				T. Sato, M. Takeno, K. Honma, H. Yamauchi, Y. Saito, T. Sasaki, H. Morikubo, Y. Nagashima, S. Takagi, K. Yamanaka, et al. Heme Oxygenase-1, a Potential Biomarker of Chronic Silicosis, Attenuates Silica-induced Lung Injury Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., October 15, 2006; 174(8): 906 - 914. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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