Published online before print May 25, 2006, doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000226576.83902.2e
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(Stroke. 2006;37:1635.)
© 2006 American Heart Association, Inc.
Editorials |
Adrenoreceptor Polymorphisms and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
From the Davee Department of Neurology and Anesthesiology (Section of Critical Care), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
Correspondence to Andrew M. Naidech, Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 710 N Lake Shore Dr, Chicago, IL, 60611 USA. E-mail a-naidech{at}northwestern.edu
Key Words: subarachnoid hemorrhage
See related article, pages 1680–1685.
Neurogenic stunned myocardium (NSM) is reversible cardiac dysfunction, typically after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).1,2 The most likely pathophysiology of NSM is a catecholamine surge that leads to transient ventricular dysfunction. The pathophysiology is probably similar to Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy3 and cardiac dysfunction caused by fright.4 SAH presents a different and acute clinical scenario, however, because these patients often require hyperdynamic therapy for symptomatic or radiographic vasospasm.5 Both increasing cardiac output and blood pressure increase cerebral perfusion,6 but hyperdynamic therapy with a failing left ventricle can quickly lead to pulmonary edema, hypoxia, hypotension and cerebral infarction.7
Methods to predict which patients will develop NSM would be very helpful. Serum catecholamine levels might reasonably be expected to coincide with the catecholamine surge and NSM; however, the available data have not borne this out.8 Cardiac troponin I (cTI) has emerged as a fast, cheap and prognostic test for predicting NSM, as well as poor outcome and death.9 Although cTI is helpful, it does not answer several important questions: Why do some patients have an elevation in cTI and others do not? What are the underlying mechanisms that lead to NSM? Do they offer further insights into diagnosis than measuring cTI?
An article in this issue of Stroke10 offers some insights. Genotyping was done for catecholamine receptor subtypes. Several genetic receptor subtypes were associated with both cTI release and depressed ejection fraction on echocardiography. This implicates the genetic code of receptor subtypes, and probably receptor function, in cTI release and NSM.
These data increase our understanding of NSM, and may indicate that the relationship between catecholamine release and NSM is not linear. Rather, the effect of serum catecholamine levels depends on adrenoreceptor subtype. Some patients, by virtue of their adrenoreceptor genetic subtype, will be at higher risk for cTI release, myocardial damage and NSM with an equivalent catecholamine surge and serum catecholamine level.
It is unfortunate that many poor grade patients (only 5 Hunt & Hess grade 5 patients had genetic analysis) could not provide consent for genetic analysis, and that these patients could not be studied. Poor-grade patients tend to have higher cTI levels and a higher likelihood of NSM, so we have the most to learn from them. Concerns about the privacy of medical information and research are likely to be a recurring theme in clinical research, and we must find ways to ensure every patient’s privacy is protected while we continue to search for refinements in diagnosis and treatment of neurologically devastating diseases. These findings should be confirmed in a second set of patients. The frequencies of these alleles among SAH patients in general are not known because the patients under study are a subset of SAH patients, but such information is needed to estimate the importance of screening for these variations.
Perhaps genetic adrenoreceptor subtyping will one day provide rapid prognostic information for risk-stratification, but it is unlikely to be a clinically useful test in the near future. This sort of research provides unique insights into pathophysiology and further develops the fields of neurocardiology, neurocritical care, and cerebrovascular science.
Footnotes
The opinions in this editorial do not necessarily reflect those of the editors or of the American Heart Association.
References
- Bulsara KR, McGirt MJ, Liao L, Villavicencio AT, Borel C, Alexander MJ, Friedman AH. Use of the peak troponin value to differentiate myocardial infarction from reversible neurogenic left ventricular dysfunction associated with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2003; 98: 524–528.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Kono T, Morita H, Kuroiwa T, Onaka H, Takatsuka H, Fujiwara A. Left ventricular wall motion abnormalities in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: neurogenic stunned myocardium. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994; 24: 636–640.[Abstract]
- Tsuchihashi K, Ueshima K, Uchida T, Oh-mura N, Kimura K, Owa M, Yoshiyama M, Miyazaki S, Haze K, Ogawa H, Honda T, Hase M, Kai R, Morii I. Transient left ventricular apical ballooning without coronary artery stenosis: a novel heart syndrome mimicking acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 38: 11–18.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Wittstein IS, Thiemann DR, Lima JA, Baughman KL, Schulman SP, Gerstenblith G, Wu KC, Rade JJ, Bivalacqua TJ, Champion HC. Neurohumoral features of myocardial stunning due to sudden emotional stress. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352: 539–548.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Awad IA, Carter LP, Spetzler RF, Medina M, Williams FC Jr. Clinical vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: response to hypervolemic hemodilution and arterial hypertension. Stroke. 1987; 18: 365–372.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Joseph M, Ziadi S, Nates J, Dannenbaum M, Malkoff M. Increases in cardiac output can reverse flow deficits from vasospasm independent of blood pressure: a study using xenon computed tomographic measurement of cerebral blood flow. Neurosurgery. 2003; 53: 1044–1051.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Mayer SA, Lin J, Homma S, Solomon RA, Lennihan L, Sherman D, Fink ME, Beckford A, Klebanoff LM. Myocardial injury and left ventricular performance after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1999; 30: 780–786.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Tung P, Kopelnik A, Banki N, Ong K, Ko N, Lawton MT, Gress D, Drew B, Foster E, Parmley W, Zaroff J. Predictors of neurocardiogenic injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2004; 35: 548.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Naidech AM, Kreiter KT, Janjua N, Ostapkovich ND, Parra A, Commichau C, Fitzsimmons B-FM, Connolly ES, Mayer SA. Cardiac troponin elevation, cardiovascular mortality, and outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Circulation. 2005; 112: 2851–2856.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Zaroff JG, Pawlikowska L, Miss JC, Yarlagadda S, Ha C, Achrol A, Kwok P-Y, McCulloch CE, Lawton MT, Ko N, Smith W, Young W. Adrenoceptor polymorphisms and the risk of cardiac injury and dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2006; 37: 1680–1685.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
Related Article:
- Adrenoceptor Polymorphisms and the Risk of Cardiac Injury and Dysfunction After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
- Jonathan G. Zaroff, Ludmila Pawlikowska, Jacob C. Miss, Sirisha Yarlagadda, Connie Ha, Achal Achrol, Pui-Yan Kwok, Charles E. McCulloch, Michael T. Lawton, Nerissa Ko, Wade Smith, and William L. Young
Stroke 2006 37: 1680-1685.[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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