Published online before print April 10, 2008, doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.508531
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Stroke. 2008;39:1657.)
© 2008 American Heart Association, Inc.
Editorials |
Are We Ready to Avert Suicide in Intracerebral Hemorrhage?
From the Division of Vascular Neurology and Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
Correspondence to Jose I. Suarez, MD, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, NB 302, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail jisuarez{at}bcm.tmc.edu
Key Words: apoptosis • ICH • edema • Fas receptor • Fas ligand • Soluble Fas • stroke
See related article, pages 1730–1734.
Stroke ranks third among all causes of death behind diseases of the heart and cancer.1 Stroke accounts for about 1 in 16 deaths in the United States. Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) comprises between 8% to 14% of all strokes but carries a mortality rate of up to 50% within the first 6 months after onset.1 Functional outcome of ICH survivors is poor with only 20% of them regaining independence at 6 months. Despite such dismal statistics there has been little progress in the field of finding effective treatments that may positively impact the outcome of patients with ICH.
Several potential targets for treatment have been identified, tested or are currently undergoing testing in patients with ICH. For instance, one of the major determinants of outcome is hematoma volume.2 The possibility of early surgical evacuation of ICH to reduce mortality has been proposed. However, the Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Hemorrhage (STICH) failed to demonstrate a difference between a policy of early surgery compared with a policy of initial conservative treatment.3 Other clinical trials evaluating the benefit of surgery in ICH are currently underway for lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (STICH II), intraventricular hemorrhage (CLEAR IVH), and for deep intracerebral hemorrhage and minimal invasive surgery (MISTIE).4 It has also become known that ICH is a dynamic process with hematoma volume expansion occurring in about 38% of patients within 20 hours.5 This may contribute to mass effect and neurological deterioration. A phase II study showed that treatment with rFVIIa within 4 hours after the onset of ICH decreased the growth of the hematoma, reduced mortality, and improved functional outcomes at 90 days.6 However, a subsequent phase III trial (FAST) failed to show any benefitial effect on outcome despite a reduction in hematoma growth. Additionally, several investigators have found an independent association between elevated blood pressure on hospital admission and poor outcome after ICH.7 The Antihypertensive Treatment for Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ATACH) clinical trial is currently underway to address the impact of blood pressure–lowering on outcome after ICH.8 We are eagerly waiting for the results of these ongoing studies, but in the meantime it has increasingly become evident that if we are to make a significant impact on outcome of ICH patients, we need to have a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of brain injury after hematoma onset.9
In recent years several investigators have studied the mechanisms of cell death after ICH. Cellular death occurs by cell necrosis or apoptosis after ICH. Animal models of ICH have revealed that apoptosis is a significant contributor to brain damage and apoptotic cells are found both in the hematoma and the surrounding tissue.10 Studies in humans have also shown that both types of cellular death occur, with the apoptotic phenotype being the prevailing mode particularly in the perihematoma region.11 Apoptosis mechanisms have been divided into 2 pathways triggered by either intrinsic or extrinsic signals.12 Several cytotoxic stimuli trigger the internal pathway with eventual activation of downstream caspases, whereas ligation of death receptors trigger the external pathway with direct activation of upstream caspases. Among the latter is the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily of which Fas is a member.12 Fas is expressed on the cell surface and its interaction with its ligand (FasL) triggers apoptosis. Both Fas and FasL are normally expressed in the central nervous system and are upregulated in various pathological conditions. In this issue of Stroke, Delgado et al present a very interesting report on the activation of the Fas system in perihematomal areas after ICH in humans.13 The authors studied 78 patients. In all of them they collected blood samples to determine soluble Fas (s-Fas) plasma concentrations on admission and then serially in a subgroup of 21 patients. They also analyzed brain specimens from 6 ICH patients and 2 controls to determine Fas receptor and FasL presence. The authors found that s-Fas was diminished in ICH patients but returned to normal at 24 hours. Such changes were associated with perihematomal edema growth. They also found that FasL content was highest in the perihematomal region and that no expression of Fas was found in controls. This study has some limitations including the following: lack of complete imaging data on all the study patients, relatively small sample size, and lack of tissue sampling from all the study subjects. Despite these shortcomings Delgado et al suggest that in a relevant population of ICH patients, Fas-mediated apoptosis may be responsible for edema formation. This is an important finding that may lead to manipulation of Fas and FasL as potential therapies for ICH.
Acknowledgments
Disclosures
None.
Footnotes
The opinions in this editorial are not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Heart Association.
References
- Rosamond W, Flegal K, Friday G, Furie K, Go A, Greenlund K, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2007 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2007; 115: e69–e171.
[Free Full Text] - Qureshi AI, Tuhrim S, Broderick JP, Batjer HH, Hondo H, Hanley DF. Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 1450–1460.
[Free Full Text] - Mendelow AD, Gregson BA, Fernandes HM, Murray GD, Teasdale GM, Hope DT, Karimi A, Shaw MD, Barer DH; STICH investigators. Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hematomas in the International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Haemorrhage (STICH): a randomized trial. Lancet. 2005; 365: 387–397.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Mendelow AD, Untenberg A. Surgical treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage. Current Opinion in Critical Care. 2007; 13: 169–174.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Brott T, Broderick J, Kothari R, Barsan W, Tomsick T, Sauerbeck L, Spilker J, Duldner J, Khoury J. Early hemorrhage growth in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 1997; 28: 1–5.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Mayer SA, Brun NC, Begtrup K, Broderick J, David S, Diringer MN, Skolnick BE, Steiner T; Recombinant Activated Factor VII Intracerebral Hemorrhage Trial Investigators. Recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352: 777–785.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Fogelhom R, Avikainen S, Murros K. Prognostic value and determinants of first-day mean arterial pressure in spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 1997; 28: 1396–1400.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Qureshi AI. Antihypertensive treatment of acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ATACH): rationale and desing. Neurocrit care. 2007; 6: 56–66.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Aronowski J, Hall CE. New horizons for primary intracerebral hemorrhage treatment: experience from preclinical studies. Neurol Res. 2005; 27: 268–279.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Gong C, Boulis N, Qian J, Turner DE, Hoff JT, Keep RF. Intracerebral hemorrhage-induced neuronal death. Neurosurgery. 2001; 48: 875–883.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Qureshi AI, Suri MFK, Ostrow PT, Kim SH, Ali Z, Shatla AA, Guterman LR, Hopkins LN. Apoptosis as a form of cell death in intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2003; 52: 1041–1048.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Choi C, Benveniste EN. Fas ligand/Fas system in the brain: regulator of immune and apoptotic responses. Brain Res Rev. 2004; 44: 65–81.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Delgado P, Cuadrado E, Rosell A, Alvarez-Sabin, Ortega-Aznar A, Hernandez-Guillamom M, Penalba A, Molina CA, Montaner J. Fas system activation in perihematomal areas after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2008; 39: 1730–1734.
Related Article:
- Fas System Activation in Perihematomal Areas After Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage
- Pilar Delgado, Eloy Cuadrado, Anna Rosell, José Álvarez-Sabín, Arantxa Ortega-Aznar, Mar Hernández-Guillamón, Anna Penalba, Carlos A. Molina, and Joan Montaner
Stroke 2008 39: 1730-1734.[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||