Correction for Roach et al., Stroke 39 (9) 2644-2691.

This Article Extract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Search for Related Content

(Stroke. 2009;40:e8.)
© 2009 American Heart Association, Inc.

Correction

In the article by Roach ES et al, "Management of Stroke in Infants and Children: A Scientific Statement From a Special Writing Group of the American Heart Association Stroke Council and the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young," which published ahead of print on July 17, 2008, and appeared in the September 2008, issue of the journal (Stroke. 2008;39:2644–2691), the corrections below are necessary. These changes have been made to the current online version of the article, which is located at http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/39/9/2644. The publisher regrets that these post-publication changes were necessary because the authors’ submitted proof corrections were not incorporated before publication.

1. On page 2646, in the first column, the first complete paragraph, the last sentence "Data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey from 1980 to 1998 indicate that the overall stroke risk in individuals from birth through 18 years of age is 13.5 per 100 000, with a hemorrhagic stroke risk of 2.9 per 100 000.¹⁶" has been modified to read: "Data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey from 1980 to 1998 indicate that the risk of ischemic stroke in individuals from birth through 18 years of age is 7.8 per 100 000, . . . ."
   
2. On page 2646, in the first column, the last paragraph, the first sentence "Recent estimates suggest that neonatal stroke occurs in 1 per 4000 live births,¹⁷ clearly a much higher rate than in older children." has been modified to read: "Recent estimates suggest that ischemic stroke occurs. . . ."
   
3. On page 2647, in the first column, the first line ". . . before 28 weeks have been documented.^17,19" has been modified to read: ". . .before 20 weeks have been documented.^17,19"
   
4. On page 2647, in the first column, first partial paragraph, the last sentence "In fact, the rate of perinatal arterial ischemic stroke increased dramatically with the increasing number of risk factors in this population-based study." has been modified to read: ". . .with the increasing number of risk factors in population-based studies."
   
5. On page 2647, in the first column, the first paragraph under the heading "Diagnostic Evaluation," the last sentence "However, venous thrombosis and early acute ischemic stroke (AIS) are easily missed with CT." has been modified to read: "However, venous thrombosis and early arterial ischemic. . . ."
   
6. On page 2647, in the first column, in the second paragraph under the heading "Diagnostic Evaluation," the second sentence "MRI, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and magnetic venography (MRV) may more accurately define the site of an arterial or venous occlusion." has been modified to read: "MRI, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and magnetic resonance venography (MRV). . . ."
   
7. On page 2647, in the first column, the second paragraph under the heading "Diagnostic Evaluation," the fourth sentence "Diffusion-weighted imaging can confirm the presence and location of an infarction earlier than other MRA sequences or CT.²¹" has been modified to read: ". . .an infarction earlier than other MRI sequences or CT.²¹"
   
8. On page 2648, in the first column, the fourth complete paragraph, the third sentence "Heparin is not used widely in children with perinatal AIS, although children with severe prothrombotic disorders or with cardiac or multiple systemic thrombi may benefit." has been modified to read: "Neither unfractionated heparin (UFH) nor low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is used widely in children with perinatal AIS, although children with severe prothrombotic disorders or with cardiac or multiple systemic thrombi may benefit."
   
9. On page 2648, in the second column, the first paragraph under the heading "Chronic", the last sentence "A study of 18 children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy from several causes suggested that constraint of the normal arm lead to increased use of the weak arm.⁷¹" has been modified to read: ". . .that constraint of the normal arm led to increased use of the weak arm.⁷¹"
   
10. On page 2649, in the first column, under the heading "Risk of Recurrent Stroke," the second sentence of the paragraph "There are data suggesting that vascular diagnosis and the presence of prothrombotic risk factors predict recurrence risk." has been modified to read: "There are data suggesting that a vascular lesion plus prothrombotic risk factors. . . ."
    
11. On page 2649, Table 2, the entry "Propionic acidemia" has been indented under "Organic acidemias".
    
12. On page 2649, Table 2, the entry "11-β-ketoreductase deficiency, 17--hydroxylase deficiency" has been modified to be 2 separate entries.
    
13. On page 2650, Table 3, "Sickle cell anemia" has been changed to "Sickle cell disease."
    
14. On page 2652, in the first column, the fourth complete paragraph, the sixth sentence "Several transfusion regimens are in use, including simple transfusions of 10 to 15 mL/kg of packed red blood cells every 3 to 4 weeks and the use of pheresis machines to remove blood while adding donor red cells." has been modified to read: ". . . and the use of apheresis machines to remove blood while adding donor red cells."
    
15. On page 2653, in the first column, under the heading "Recommendations for Children With SCD," the second Class I Recommendation, "Periodic transfusions to reduce the percentage of sickle hemoglobin are effective for reducing the risk of stroke in children 2 to 16 years of age with abnormal TCD results resulting from SCD and are recommended (Class I, Level of Evidence A)." has been modified to read: ". . .2 to 16 years of age with an abnormal TCD resulting from SCD. . . ."
    
16. On page 2653, in the second column, the last complete paragraph, the last sentence, "If any of the conditions listed above is present, the angiographic pattern is found on 1 side only, and if none of the above associations are present, they are called probable." has been modified to read: "If any of the conditions listed above is present and the angiographic pattern is found on 1 side only, the diagnosis is probable."
    
17. On page 2654, in the first column, the last sentence in the column "Several clinical conditions have been reported in conjunction with moyamoya syndrome, although for conditions with only 1 or 2 reported cases; therefore, the link is at best tenuous.¹¹⁴" has been modified to read: ". . .only 1 or 2 reported cases, the link is at best tenuous.¹¹⁴"
    
18. On page 2654, Table 6, the third entry "Asian" has been changed to "Asian heritage."
    
19. On page 2655, in the first column, the second complete paragraph, the fourth sentence "Most suggestive of moyamoya on MRI is the finding of flow voids in the ICA, MCA, and ACA coupled with prominent flow voids from basal ganglia and thalamic collateral vessels." has been modified to read: "Most suggestive of moyamoya on MRI is the absence of flow voids in the ICA, MCA, and ACA coupled with abnormally prominent flow voids. . . ."
    
20. On page 2655, in the second column, the first complete paragraph, the fourth sentence "Some patients stabilize without intervention, but unfortunately this can occur after they have debilitating neurological disability." has been modified to read: ". . .after they have already sustained a debilitating neurological disability.
    
21. On page 2659, in the first column, the second complete paragraph, the second sentence "Despite the high prevalence of mitral valve prolapse in the general population, it is a rare cause of embolic stroke in adults and is even rarer in children." has been modified to read: ". . .and an even rarer cause in children."
    
22. On page 2659, in the first column, the last paragraph, the fifth sentence "Anticoagulant therapy is not recommended in patients with native valve endocarditis." has been deleted.
    
23. On page 2661, in the first column, first complete paragraph, the first sentence "Several coagulation abnormalities have been identified in children with stroke, including antithrombin, protein C or protein S deficiencies, activated protein C resistance, factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin gene mutation (G20210A), and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome." has been modified to read: "Several coagulation abnormalities have been identified in children with stroke, including antithrombin III, protein C or protein S deficiencies,. . . ."
    
24. On page 2664, in the first column, the second paragraph under the heading "Risk Factors for ICH," the third sentence "Three children with SCD had an ICH, clearly in 1 instance as a result of a confluent hemorrhagic infarction.²⁷⁴" has been modified to read: ". . .as a result of a hemorrhagic infarction.²⁷⁴"
    
25. On page 2664, in the second column, third complete paragraph, the last sentence "CVST thrombosis can be suspected with CT, especially when the sagittal sinus is affected, but MRV is superior." has been modified to read: "CVST can be suspected with CT, . . . ."
    
26. On page 2671, in the first column, under "Class II Recommendations," the sixth item, "6. It is reasonable to institute either intravenous UFH or subcutaneous LMWH in children with CVST, whether or not there is secondary hemorrhage, followed by warfarin therapy for 3 to 6 months (Class IIa, Level of Evidence C)." has been modified to read: "6. It is reasonable to institute either intravenous UFH or subcutaneous LMWH in children with CVST, whether or not there is secondary hemorrhage, followed by warfarin therapy for 3 to 6 months (Class IIa, Level of Evidence C). For neonatal CVST treatment, refer to the ‘Recommendations for Perinatal Stroke, Class II Recommendations,’ item 5 on page 2649."
    
27. On page 2671, in the second column, the Class III Recommendation ("1. Until there is more evidence of safety and effectiveness, anticoagulation is not appropriate for most neonates with CVST (Class III, Level of Evidence C). An exception may be considered in individuals with severe prothrombotic disorders, multiple cerebral or systemic emboli, or radiological evidence of propagating CVST despite supportive therapy.") has been deleted.
    
28. On page 2674, Table 10, the dosing unit "U" has been modified to "units" to read: "Reviparin, body weight–dependent dose, units/kg per 12 h"; "Dalteparin, all-age pediatric dose, units/kg per 24 h"; and "Tinzaparin, age-dependent dose, units/kg."
    
29. On page 2675, Table 11, the second column has been reformatted to accurately reflect the INRs.
    
30. On page 2682, reference 97, the Web address has been updated and the Web site was accessed June 15, 2008. The reference has been modified to read: "National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health. The management of sickle cell disease. Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/blood/sickle/sc_mngt.pdf. Accessed June 15, 2008."
    
31. On page 2685, reference 270, the Web address has been updated and the Web site was accessed June 15, 2008. The reference has been modified to read: "Paediatric Stroke Working Group, Royal College of Physicians of London. Stroke in childhood: clinical guidelines for diagnosis management and rehabilitation. Available at: http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/pubs/books/childstroke/childstroke_guidelines.pdf. Accessed June 15, 2008."
    
32. On page 2688, reference 390, the misspelling of "Thromosis" has been corrected to "Thrombosis." The chapter page numbers have been added. The reference has been updated to read: "Garcia JH. Thrombosis of cranial veins and sinuses: brain parenchymal effects. In: Einhäupl K, Kempski O, Baethmann A, eds. Cerebral Sinus Thrombosis: Experimental and Clinical Aspects. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1990:27–38."
    
33. On page 2649, Table 2, 4 conditions were removed because they are not known to be genetic. They were "Neurocutaneous syndromes," "Encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis," "Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome," Snedden syndrome," and "Susac syndrome." The entry "Neurofibromatosis type 1" should not be indented, because it is no longer a subheading of Neurocutaneous syndromes. The authors provided this updated information after publication in the journal.
    

The corrected version can now be viewed online at http://stroke.ahajournals.org.

[Correction for Vol 39, Number 9, September 2008. Pages 2644–2691]

This Article Extract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Search for Related Content