Published Online
on July 1, 2004

A more recent version of this article appeared on August 1, 2004

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Submitted on March 3, 2004
Revised on April 24, 2004
Accepted on April 27, 2004

Decline in Blood Pressure Over Time and Risk of Dementia. A Longitudinal Study From the Kungsholmen Project

Chengxuan Qiu MD, PhD^*; Eva von Strauss PhD; Bengt Winblad MD, PhD; and Laura Fratiglioni MD, PhD

From the Aging Research Center, Division of Geriatric Epidemiology and Medicine, Department of Neurotec, Karolinska Institutet and the Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden.

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: chengxuan.qiu{at}neurotec.ki.se.

Background and Purpose--Low blood pressure has been related to an increased risk of dementia. We sought to verify blood pressure variations before and after a dementia diagnosis and to relate blood pressure decline to subsequent Alzheimer disease and dementia.

Methods--A community dementia-free cohort aged 75 years (n=947) underwent follow-up examinations twice over a period of 6 years to detect dementia cases (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edition, revised [DSM-III-R] criteria, n=304). Blood pressure variation before and after dementia diagnosis was verified with linear mixed-effects models. Using the dementia-free cohort identified at first follow-up (n=719), the association between blood pressure decline from baseline to first follow-up and subsequent risk of dementia was examined.

Results--Blood pressure markedly decreased over 3 years before dementia diagnosis and afterward, whereas no substantial decline was present 3 to 6 years before the diagnosis. However, among subjects with baseline systolic pressure <160 mm Hg, systolic pressure decline 15 mm Hg occurring 3 to 6 years before diagnosis was associated with relative risks (95% CI) of 3.1 (1.3 to 7.0) for Alzheimer disease and 3.1 (1.5 to 6.3) for dementia. There was a dose-response relationship between systolic pressure decline and dementia risk in subjects with vascular disease.

Conclusions--Blood pressure starts to decrease only 3 years before dementia diagnosis and continues to decline afterward. A greater decline in systolic pressure occurring 3 to 6 years before diagnosis is associated with an increased risk of dementia only in older people with already low blood pressure or affected by vascular disorders.

Key words: Alzheimer disease • blood pressure • dementia • epidemiology

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