Published Online
on October 14, 2004

A more recent version of this article appeared on November 1, 2004

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Submitted on June 3, 2004
Accepted on August 5, 2004

Brain-Machine and Brain-Computer Interfaces

Gerhard M. Friehs MD^*; Vasilios A. Zerris MD; Catherine L. Ojakangas PhD; Mathew R. Fellows BA; and John P. Donoghue PhD

From the Departments of Clinical Neuroscience and Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI.

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: gfriehs{at}yahoo.com.

Abstract--The idea of connecting the human brain to a computer or machine directly is not novel and its potential has been explored in science fiction. With the rapid advances in the areas of information technology, miniaturization and neurosciences there has been a surge of interest in turning fiction into reality. In this paper the authors review the current state-of-the-art of brain-computer and brain-machine interfaces including neuroprostheses. The general principles and requirements to produce a successful connection between human and artificial intelligence are outlined and the authors’ preliminary experience with a prototype brain-computer interface is reported.

Key words: electroencephalography • receptors, sensory • rehabilitation • stroke

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