on January 11, 2007
Published online before print January 11, 2007, doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000254476.05620.14
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Submitted on May 1, 2006
From Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology (B.H.), Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology (P.L.), Division of Cardiology (M.M.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Md; the Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center (S.K.), Baltimore Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Md; and the Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Maryland at Baltimore, Md. * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jmikdash{at}umaryland.edu.
Background and Purpose--To determine factors associated with ischemic stroke and stroke severity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Methods--Between 1992 and January 2005, 238 consecutive systemic lupus erythematosus patients with no history of stroke were followed-up longitudinally at the Maryland Lupus Clinic. Patients were monitored quarterly for a mean of 8 years after their systemic lupus erythematosus diagnosis, and 44 patients (19%) developed first-ever ischemic stroke. At the end of study, Cox proportional regression analyses were used to determine the effect of baseline clinical variables of systemic lupus erythematosus patients in relation to the subsequent occurrence of ischemic stroke and stroke severity after first-ever ischemic strokes. Severe stroke was defined as having a National Institute of Health Stroke Scale Results--Severe ischemic strokes occurred in 34 of 44 (77%) patients. Baseline predictors of ischemic strokes and severe ischemic strokes included disease activity, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. Conclusions--Severe ischemic strokes in systemic lupus erythematosus are not uncommon. Aggressive primary and secondary stroke prevention measures, particularly treatment of hyperlipidemia and hypertension, as well as vigorous treatment of clinical symptoms of active lupus, are needed to prevent serious morbidity and neurological disability.
Revised on July 25, 2006
Accepted on August 1, 2006
Baseline Disease Activity, Hyperlipidemia, and Hypertension Are Predictive Factors for Ischemic Stroke and Stroke Severity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Jamal Mikdashi MD, MPH*;
6.
Key words: ischemic stroke • neurological disability • risk factors • systemic lupus erythematosus