Stroke, Vol 20, 84-91, Copyright © 1989 by American Heart Association
EZ Longa, PR Weinstein, S Carlson and R Cummins
To develop a simple, relatively noninvasive small-animal model of
reversible regional cerebral ischemia, we tested various methods of
inducing infarction in the territory of the right middle cerebral artery
(MCA) by extracranial vascular occlusion in rats. In preliminary studies,
60 rats were anesthetized with ketamine and different combinations of
vessels were occluded; blood pressure and arterial blood gases were
monitored. Neurologic deficit, mortality rate, gross pathology, and in some
instances, electroencephalogram and histochemical staining results were
evaluated in all surviving rats. The principal procedure consisted of
introducing a 4-0 nylon intraluminal suture into the cervical internal
carotid artery (ICA) and advancing it intracranially to block blood flow
into the MCA; collateral blood flow was reduced by interrupting all
branches of the external carotid artery (ECA) and all extracranial branches
of the ICA. In some groups of rats, bilateral vertebral or contralateral
carotid artery occlusion was also performed. India ink perfusion studies in
20 rats documented blockage of MCA blood flow in 14 rats subjected to
permanent occlusion and the restoration of blood flow to the MCA territory
in six rats after withdrawal of the suture from the ICA. The best method of
MCA occlusion was then selected for further confirmatory studies, including
histologic examination, in five additional groups of rats anesthetized with
halothane. Seven of eight rats that underwent permanent occlusion of the
MCA had resolving moderately severe neurologic deficits (Grade 2 of 4) and
unilateral infarcts averaging 37.6 +/- 5.5% of the coronal sectional area
at 72 hours after the onset of occlusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
ARTICLES
Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats
Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  Z. Li, S. R. McKercher, J. Cui, Z. Nie, W. Soussou, A. J. Roberts, T. Sallmen, J. H. Lipton, M. Talantova, S.-i. Okamoto, et al. Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2C as a Neurogenic and Antiapoptotic Transcription Factor in Murine Embryonic Stem Cells J. Neurosci., June 25, 2008; 28(26): 6557 - 6568. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Gee, A. Kalil, M. Thullbery, and K. J. Becker Induction of Immunologic Tolerance to Myelin Basic Protein Prevents Central Nervous System Autoimmunity and Improves Outcome After Stroke Stroke, May 1, 2008; 39(5): 1575 - 1582. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M.-F. Ritz, P. Ratajczak, Y. Curin, E. Cam, A. Mendelowitsch, F. Pinet, and R. Andriantsitohaina Chronic Treatment with Red Wine Polyphenol Compounds Mediates Neuroprotection in a Rat Model of Ischemic Cerebral Stroke J. Nutr., March 1, 2008; 138(3): 519 - 525. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Terao, G. Yilmaz, K. Y. Stokes, M. Ishikawa, T. Kawase, and D. N. Granger Inflammatory and Injury Responses to Ischemic Stroke in Obese Mice Stroke, March 1, 2008; 39(3): 943 - 950. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Jeyaseelan, K. Y. Lim, and A. Armugam MicroRNA Expression in the Blood and Brain of Rats Subjected to Transient Focal Ischemia by Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Stroke, March 1, 2008; 39(3): 959 - 966. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Sun, H. H. Marti, and R. Veltkamp Hyperbaric Oxygen Reduces Tissue Hypoxia and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1{alpha} Expression in Focal Cerebral Ischemia Stroke, March 1, 2008; 39(3): 1000 - 1006. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Cuomo, R. Gala, G. Pignataro, F. Boscia, A. Secondo, A. Scorziello, A. Pannaccione, D. Viggiano, A. Adornetto, P. Molinaro, et al. A Critical Role for the Potassium-Dependent Sodium-Calcium Exchanger NCKX2 in Protection against Focal Ischemic Brain Damage J. Neurosci., February 27, 2008; 28(9): 2053 - 2063. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Rastogi, S. Gupta, and M. M Godbole Pathophysiological basis for thyrotoxicosis as an aggravating factor in post-ischemic brain injury in rats J. Endocrinol., February 1, 2008; 196(2): 335 - 341. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Epsztein, Y. Ben-Ari, A. Represa, and V. Crepel Late-Onset Epileptogenesis and Seizure Genesis: Lessons From Models of Cerebral Ischemia Neuroscientist, February 1, 2008; 14(1): 78 - 90. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Weber, P. Ramos-Cabrer, C. Justicia, D. Wiedermann, C. Strecker, C. Sprenger, and M. Hoehn Early Prediction of Functional Recovery after Experimental Stroke: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Electrophysiology, and Behavioral Testing in Rats J. Neurosci., January 30, 2008; 28(5): 1022 - 1029. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Molinaro, O. Cuomo, G. Pignataro, F. Boscia, R. Sirabella, A. Pannaccione, A. Secondo, A. Scorziello, A. Adornetto, R. Gala, et al. Targeted Disruption of Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger 3 (NCX3) Gene Leads to a Worsening of Ischemic Brain Damage J. Neurosci., January 30, 2008; 28(5): 1179 - 1184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Cuomo, G. Pignataro, R. Gala, A. Scorziello, E. Gravino, O. Piazza, R. Tufano, G. Di Renzo, and L. Annunziato Antithrombin Reduces Ischemic Volume, Ameliorates Neurologic Deficits, and Prolongs Animal Survival in Both Transient and Permanent Focal Ischemia Stroke, December 1, 2007; 38(12): 3272 - 3279. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. A. Burns, A. E. Ayoub, J. J. Breunig, F. Adhami, W.-L. Weng, M. C. Colbert, P. Rakic, and C.-Y. Kuan Nestin-CreER Mice Reveal DNA Synthesis by Nonapoptotic Neurons following Cerebral Ischemia Hypoxia Cereb Cortex, November 1, 2007; 17(11): 2585 - 2592. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Zhong, Z. Li, L. Huan, and B.-Y. Chen Neurochemical Mechanism of Electroacupuncture: Anti-injury Effect on Cerebral Function after Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med., October 27, 2007; (2007) nem062v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. S. Rigsby, A. E. Burch, S. Ogbi, D. M. Pollock, and A. M. Dorrance Intact female stroke-prone hypertensive rats lack responsiveness to mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, October 1, 2007; 293(4): R1754 - R1763. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Orset, R. Macrez, A. R. Young, D. Panthou, E. Angles-Cano, E. Maubert, V. Agin, and D. Vivien Mouse Model of In Situ Thromboembolic Stroke and Reperfusion Stroke, October 1, 2007; 38(10): 2771 - 2778. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Fogal, J. Li, D. Lobner, L. D. McCullough, and S. J. Hewett System xc Activity and Astrocytes Are Necessary for Interleukin-1{beta}-Mediated Hypoxic Neuronal Injury J. Neurosci., September 19, 2007; 27(38): 10094 - 10105. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Hom, M. A. Fleegal, R. D. Egleton, C. R. Campos, B. T. Hawkins, and T. P. Davis Comparative changes in the blood-brain barrier and cerebral infarction of SHR and WKY rats Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, May 1, 2007; 292(5): R1881 - R1892. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Kollmar, T. Blank, J. L. Han, D. Georgiadis, and S. Schwab Different Degrees of Hypothermia After Experimental Stroke: Short- and Long-Term Outcome Stroke, May 1, 2007; 38(5): 1585 - 1589. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Dzialowski, E. Klotz, S. Goericke, A. Doerfler, M. Forsting, and R. von Kummer Ischemic Brain Tissue Water Content: CT Monitoring during Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion and Reperfusion in Rats Radiology, May 1, 2007; 243(3): 720 - 726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. W. McColl, N. J. Rothwell, and S. M. Allan Systemic Inflammatory Stimulus Potentiates the Acute Phase and CXC Chemokine Responses to Experimental Stroke and Exacerbates Brain Damage via Interleukin-1- and Neutrophil-Dependent Mechanisms J. Neurosci., April 18, 2007; 27(16): 4403 - 4412. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Qin, M. Karabiyikoglu, Y. Hua, R. Silbergleit, Y. He, R. F. Keep, and G. Xi Hyperbaric Oxygen-Induced Attenuation of Hemorrhagic Transformation After Experimental Focal Transient Cerebral Ischemia Stroke, April 1, 2007; 38(4): 1362 - 1367. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Liu, T. P. Wong, M. Aarts, A. Rooyakkers, L. Liu, T. W. Lai, D. C. Wu, J. Lu, M. Tymianski, A. M. Craig, et al. NMDA Receptor Subunits Have Differential Roles in Mediating Excitotoxic Neuronal Death Both In Vitro and In Vivo J. Neurosci., March 14, 2007; 27(11): 2846 - 2857. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Pignataro, R. P. Simon, and Z.-G. Xiong Prolonged activation of ASIC1a and the time window for neuroprotection in cerebral ischaemia Brain, January 1, 2007; 130(1): 151 - 158. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Dorrance, D. M. Pollock, O. P. Romanko, and D. W. Stepp A high-potassium diet reduces infarct size and improves vascular structure in hypertensive rats Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, January 1, 2007; 292(1): R415 - R422. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. C. Ngai, T.-S. Nguyen, J. R. Meno, and G. W. Britz Postischemic Augmentation of Conducted Dilation in Cerebral Arterioles Stroke, January 1, 2007; 38(1): 124 - 130. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. A. Andrabi, N. S. Kim, S.-W. Yu, H. Wang, D. W. Koh, M. Sasaki, J. A. Klaus, T. Otsuka, Z. Zhang, R. C. Koehler, et al. Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymer is a death signal PNAS, November 28, 2006; 103(48): 18308 - 18313. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Liu, O. Honmou, K. Harada, K. Nakamura, K. Houkin, H. Hamada, and J. D. Kocsis Neuroprotection by PlGF gene-modified human mesenchymal stem cells after cerebral ischaemia Brain, October 1, 2006; 129(10): 2734 - 2745. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O. F. Laterza, V. R. Modur, D. L. Crimmins, J. V. Olander, Y. Landt, J.-M. Lee, and J. H. Ladenson Identification of Novel Brain Biomarkers Clin. Chem., September 1, 2006; 52(9): 1713 - 1721. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Adhami, G. Liao, Y. M. Morozov, A. Schloemer, V. J. Schmithorst, J. N. Lorenz, R. S. Dunn, C. V. Vorhees, M. Wills-Karp, J. L. Degen, et al. Cerebral Ischemia-Hypoxia Induces Intravascular Coagulation and Autophagy Am. J. Pathol., August 1, 2006; 169(2): 566 - 583. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. K. T. Wang, S. Portbury, M. B. Thomas, S. Barney, D. J. Ricca, D. L. Morris, D. S. Warner, and D. C. Lo Cardiac glycosides provide neuroprotection against ischemic stroke: Discovery by a brain slice-based compound screening platform PNAS, July 5, 2006; 103(27): 10461 - 10466. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Shimamura, G. Matchett, H. Yatsushige, J. W. Calvert, H. Ohkuma, and J. Zhang Inhibition of Integrin {alpha}v{beta}3 Ameliorates Focal Cerebral Ischemic Damage in the Rat Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model Stroke, July 1, 2006; 37(7): 1902 - 1909. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-B. Kim, J. Sig Choi, Y.-M. Yu, K. Nam, C.-S. Piao, S.-W. Kim, M.-H. Lee, P.-L. Han, J.-s. Park, and J.-K. Lee HMGB1, a novel cytokine-like mediator linking acute neuronal death and delayed neuroinflammation in the postischemic brain. J. Neurosci., June 14, 2006; 26(24): 6413 - 6421. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Zhang, L. Wang, J. Li, and X.-L. Wang 2-(1-Hydroxypentyl)-benzoate Increases Cerebral Blood Flow and Reduces Infarct Volume in Rats Model of Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., June 1, 2006; 317(3): 973 - 979. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Chang, T.-Y. Chen, C.-H. Chen, B. J. Crain, T. J. K. Toung, and A. Bhardwaj Plasma arginine-vasopressin following experimental stroke: effect of osmotherapy J Appl Physiol, May 1, 2006; 100(5): 1445 - 1451. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Inoue, D. P. Davis, J. C. Drummond, D. J. Cole, and P. M. Patel The combination of isoflurane and caspase 8 inhibition results in sustained neuroprotection in rats subject to focal cerebral ischemia. Anesth. Analg., May 1, 2006; 102(5): 1548 - 1555. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. K Shukla, V. K Khanna, M M. Ali, R. Maurya, M Y Khan, and R. C Srimal Neuroprotective effect of Acorus calamus against middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced ischaemia in rat Human and Experimental Toxicology, April 1, 2006; 25(4): 187 - 194. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Miyashita, H. Itoh, H. Arai, T. Suganami, N. Sawada, Y. Fukunaga, M. Sone, K. Yamahara, T. Yurugi-Kobayashi, K. Park, et al. The Neuroprotective and Vasculo-Neuro-Regenerative Roles of Adrenomedullin in Ischemic Brain and Its Therapeutic Potential Endocrinology, April 1, 2006; 147(4): 1642 - 1653. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. M. Dorrance, N. C. Rupp, and E. F. Nogueira Mineralocorticoid Receptor Activation Causes Cerebral Vessel Remodeling and Exacerbates the Damage Caused by Cerebral Ischemia Hypertension, March 1, 2006; 47(3): 590 - 595. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Liu, L. Xiong, S. Chen, and Q. Wang Isoflurane tolerance against focal cerebral ischemia is attenuated by adenosine A1 receptor antagonists: [La tolerance a l'isoflurane contre l'ischemie cerebrale focale est diminuee par les antagonistes des recepteurs de l'adenosine A1] Can J Anesth, February 1, 2006; 53(2): 194 - 201. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M.-A. Choe, G. J. An, Y.-K. Lee, J. H. Im, S. Choi-Kwon, and M. Heitkemper Effect of early low-intensity exercise on rat hind-limb muscles following acute ischemic stroke. Biol Res Nurs, January 1, 2006; 7(3): 163 - 174. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Ikeda, N. Nonoguchi, M. Z. Zhao, T. Watanabe, Y. Kajimoto, D. Furutama, F. Kimura, M. Dezawa, R. S. Coffin, Y. Otsuki, et al. Bone Marrow Stromal Cells That Enhanced Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Secretion by Herpes Simplex Virus Vector Improve Neurological Outcome After Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats Stroke, December 1, 2005; 36(12): 2725 - 2730. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Y. Shih, P. Li, and T. H. Murphy A Small-Molecule-Inducible Nrf2-Mediated Antioxidant Response Provides Effective Prophylaxis against Cerebral Ischemia In Vivo J. Neurosci., November 2, 2005; 25(44): 10321 - 10335. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Hsiao, K. H. Lin, Y. Chang, T. L. Chen, N. H. Tzu, D. S. Chou, and J. R. Sheu Protective Mechanisms of Inosine in Platelet Activation and Cerebral Ischemic Damage Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., September 1, 2005; 25(9): 1998 - 2004. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Veltkamp, D. A. Siebing, L. Sun, S. Heiland, K. Bieber, H. H. Marti, S. Nagel, S. Schwab, and M. Schwaninger Hyperbaric Oxygen Reduces Blood-Brain Barrier Damage and Edema After Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia Stroke, August 1, 2005; 36(8): 1679 - 1683. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. A. Schreihofer, K. D. Do, and A. M. Schreihofer High-soy diet decreases infarct size after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in female rats Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, July 1, 2005; 289(1): R103 - R108. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.-H. Chen, T. J.K. Toung, P. D. Hurn, R. C. Koehler, and A. Bhardwaj Ischemic Neuroprotection With Selective {kappa}-Opioid Receptor Agonist Is Gender Specific Stroke, July 1, 2005; 36(7): 1557 - 1561. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. van Groen, K. Puurunen, H.-M. Maki, J. Sivenius, and J. Jolkkonen Transformation of Diffuse {beta}-Amyloid Precursor Protein and {beta}-Amyloid Deposits to Plaques in the Thalamus After Transient Occlusion of the Middle Cerebral Artery in Rats Stroke, July 1, 2005; 36(7): 1551 - 1556. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. M. WISE Estrogens and Cerebrovascular Stroke: What Do Animal Models Teach Us? Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., June 1, 2005; 1052(1): 225 - 232. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. M. Wise, D. B. Dubal, S. W. Rau, C. M. Brown, and S. Suzuki Are Estrogens Protective or Risk Factors in Brain Injury and Neurodegeneration? Reevaluation after the Women's Health Initiative Endocr. Rev., May 1, 2005; 26(3): 308 - 312. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H.-G. Konig, D. Kogel, A. Rami, and J. H.M. Prehn TGF-{beta}1 activates two distinct type I receptors in neurons: implications for neuronal NF-{kappa}B signaling J. Cell Biol., March 28, 2005; 168(7): 1077 - 1086. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Nakajima, N. Kakui, K. Ohkuma, M. Ishikawa, and T. Hasegawa A Newly Synthesized Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitor, DR2313 [2-Methyl-3,5,7,8-tetrahydrothiopyrano[4,3-d]-pyrimidine-4-one]: Pharmacological Profiles, Neuroprotective Effects, and Therapeutic Time Window in Cerebral Ischemia in Rats J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., February 1, 2005; 312(2): 472 - 481. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. A. Ardelt, L. D. McCullough, K. S. Korach, M. M. Wang, D. H. Munzenmaier, and P. D. Hurn Estradiol Regulates Angiopoietin-1 mRNA Expression Through Estrogen Receptor-{alpha} in a Rodent Experimental Stroke Model Stroke, February 1, 2005; 36(2): 337 - 341. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Zhao, S.-J. Liu, J. Zhang, R. Strong, J. Aronowski, and J. C. Grotta Combining Insulin-Like Growth Factor Derivatives Plus Caffeinol Produces Robust Neuroprotection After Stroke in Rats Stroke, January 1, 2005; 36(1): 129 - 134. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Belayev, V. L. Marcheselli, L. Khoutorova, E. B. Rodriguez de Turco, R. Busto, M. D. Ginsberg, and N. G. Bazan Docosahexaenoic Acid Complexed to Albumin Elicits High-Grade Ischemic Neuroprotection Stroke, January 1, 2005; 36(1): 118 - 123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Ito, J. R. Walker, C. S. Thompson, I. Moroz, W. Lin, M. L. Veselits, A. M. Hakim, A. A. Fienberg, and G. Thinakaran Characterization of Stanniocalcin 2, a Novel Target of the Mammalian Unfolded Protein Response with Cytoprotective Properties Mol. Cell. Biol., November 1, 2004; 24(21): 9456 - 9469. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Yokoo, H. Sheng, J. Mixco, H. M. Homi, R. D. Pearlstein, and D. S. Warner Intraischemic Nitrous Oxide Alters Neither Neurologic Nor Histologic Outcome: A Comparison with Dizocilpine Anesth. Analg., September 1, 2004; 99(3): 896 - 903. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-K. Lee, J.-E. Kim, M. Sivula, and S. M. Strittmatter Nogo Receptor Antagonism Promotes Stroke Recovery by Enhancing Axonal Plasticity J. Neurosci., July 7, 2004; 24(27): 6209 - 6217. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|