(Stroke. 1996;27:224-231.)
© 1996 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Thickening of the Carotid Wall
A Marker for Atherosclerosis in the Elderly?
From the Department of Radiology, Tufts–New England Medical Center (D.H.O.), and the Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital (J.F.P.), Boston, Mass; the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (R.K., N.O.B.); the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh (Pa) (S.K.W.); the Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md (P.J.S.); the Department of Neurology, University of Maryland (Baltimore) (S.J.K., T.R.P.); the Department of Pathology, University of Vermont (Colchester) (R.T.); the University of California (Irvine) (J.M.G.); and the Department of Public Health Sciences, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.D.F.).
Correspondence to Daniel H. O'Leary, MD, Department of Radiology, New England Medical Center, 750 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111.
Background and Purpose We investigated the relationships between prevalent coronary heart disease (CHD), clinically manifest atherosclerotic disease (ASD), and major established risk factors for atherosclerosis and intima-media thickness (IMT) in the common carotid arteries (CCA) and internal carotid arteries (ICA) separately and in combination in older adults. We wished to determine whether a noninvasive measurement can serve as an indicator of clinically manifest atherosclerotic disease and to determine which of the two variables, CCA IMT or ICA IMT, is a better correlate.
Methods IMT of the CCA and ICA was measured with duplex ultrasound in 5117 of 5201 individuals enrolled in the Cardiovascular Health Study, a study of the risk factors and the natural history of cardiovascular disease in adults aged 65 years or more. Histories of CHD, peripheral arterial disease, and cerebrovascular disease were obtained during baseline examination. Risk factors included cholesterol levels, cigarette smoking, elevated blood pressure, diabetes, age, and sex. Relationships between risk factors and IMT were studied by multiple regression analysis and canonical variate analysis. Prediction of prevalent CHD and ASD by IMT measurements in CCAs and ICAs were made by logistic regression, adjusting for age and sex.
Results IMT measurements of the CCAs and ICAs were greater in persons with CHD and ASD than those without, even after controlling for sex (P<.001). IMT measurements in the ICA were greater than those in the CCA. Risk factors for ASD accounted for 17% and 18% of the variability in IMT in the CCA and ICA, respectively. These same risk factors accounted for 25% of the variability of a composite measurement consisting of the sum of the ICA IMT and CCA IMT. The ability to predict CHD and ASD was greater for ICA IMT (odds ratio [confidence interval]: 1.36 [1.31 to 1.41] and 1.35 [1.25 to 1.44], respectively) than for CCA IMT (1.09 [1.05 to 1.13] and 1.17 [1.09 to 1.25]).
Conclusions Whereas CCA IMT is associated with major risk factors for atherosclerosis and existing CHD and ASD in older adults, this association is not as strong as that for ICA IMT. The combination of these measures relates more strongly to existing CHD and ASD and cerebrovascular disease risk factors than either taken alone.
Key Words: carotid arteries • diagnostic imaging • elderly • atherosclerosis
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  L. Moro, C. Pedone, S. Scarlata, V. Malafarina, F. Fimognari, and R. Antonelli-Incalzi Endothelial Dysfunction in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Angiology, July 1, 2008; 59(3): 357 - 364. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. J. O'Donnell, S. Demissie, M. Kimura, D. Levy, J. P. Gardner, C. White, R. B. D'Agostino, P. A. Wolf, J. Polak, L. A. Cupples, et al. Leukocyte Telomere Length and Carotid Artery Intimal Medial Thickness: The Framingham Heart Study Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., June 1, 2008; 28(6): 1165 - 1171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. V. Diez Roux, A. H. Auchincloss, T. G. Franklin, T. Raghunathan, R. G. Barr, J. Kaufman, B. Astor, and J. Keeler Long-term Exposure to Ambient Particulate Matter and Prevalence of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Am. J. Epidemiol., March 15, 2008; 167(6): 667 - 675. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. MacIver and H. A. Bird Arterial elasticity: asset or liability? Rheumatology, February 1, 2008; 47(2): 117 - 118. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. H. Johnsen, E. B. Mathiesen, O. Joakimsen, E. Stensland, T. Wilsgaard, M.-L. Lochen, I. Njolstad, and E. Arnesen Carotid Atherosclerosis Is a Stronger Predictor of Myocardial Infarction in Women Than in Men: A 6-Year Follow-Up Study of 6226 Persons: The Tromso Study Stroke, November 1, 2007; 38(11): 2873 - 2880. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Femia, M. Kozakova, M. Nannipieri, C. Gonzales-Villalpando, M. P. Stern, S. M. Haffner, and E. Ferrannini Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Confirmed Prehypertensive Subjects: Predictors and Progression Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., October 1, 2007; 27(10): 2244 - 2249. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. J. Cao, A. M. Arnold, T. A. Manolio, J. F. Polak, B. M. Psaty, C. H. Hirsch, L. H. Kuller, and M. Cushman Association of Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness, Plaques, and C-Reactive Protein With Future Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality: The Cardiovascular Health Study Circulation, July 3, 2007; 116(1): 32 - 38. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. C. Kaplan, A. P. McGinn, M. N. Pollak, L. H. Kuller, H. D. Strickler, T. E. Rohan, A. R. Cappola, X. Xue, and B. M. Psaty Association of Total Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-1 (IGFBP-1), and IGFBP-3 Levels with Incident Coronary Events and Ischemic Stroke J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2007; 92(4): 1319 - 1325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Napoli, L. O. Lerman, F. de Nigris, M. Gossl, M. L. Balestrieri, and A. Lerman Rethinking Primary Prevention of Atherosclerosis-Related Diseases Circulation, December 5, 2006; 114(23): 2517 - 2527. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. A. Cleary, T. J. Orchard, S. Genuth, N. D. Wong, R. Detrano, J.-Y. C. Backlund, B. Zinman, A. Jacobson, W. Sun, J. M. Lachin, et al. The Effect of Intensive Glycemic Treatment on Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetic Participants of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study Diabetes, December 1, 2006; 55(12): 3556 - 3565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. McDermott, K. Liu, M. H. Criqui, K. Ruth, D. Goff, M. F. Saad, C. Wu, S. Homma, and A. R. Sharrett Ankle-Brachial Index and Subclinical Cardiac and Carotid Disease: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Am. J. Epidemiol., July 1, 2005; 162(1): 33 - 41. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Moskau, A. Golla, C. Grothe, M. Boes, C. Pohl, and T. Klockgether Heritability of Carotid Artery Atherosclerotic Lesions: An Ultrasound Study in 154 Families Stroke, January 1, 2005; 36(1): 5 - 8. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. D. Beishuizen, M. A. van de Ree, J. W. Jukema, J. T. Tamsma, J. C. M. van der Vijver, A. E. Meinders, H. Putter, and M. V. Huisman Two-Year Statin Therapy Does Not Alter the Progression of Intima-Media Thickness in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Without Manifest Cardiovascular Disease Diabetes Care, December 1, 2004; 27(12): 2887 - 2892. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. L. Schott, R. P. Wildman, S. Brockwell, L. R. Simkin-Silverman, L. H. Kuller, and K. Sutton-Tyrrell Segment-Specific Effects of Cardiovascular Risk Factors on Carotid Artery Intima-Medial Thickness in Women at Midlife Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., October 1, 2004; 24(10): 1951 - 1956. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-H. H. Juo, H.-F. Lin, T. Rundek, E. A. Sabala, B. Boden-Albala, N. Park, M.-Y. Lan, and R. L. Sacco Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Obesity Phenotypes in the Northern Manhattan Family Study Stroke, October 1, 2004; 35(10): 2243 - 2247. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Diomedi, A. Pietroiusti, M. Silvestrini, B. Rizzato, L. M. Cupini, F. Ferrante, A. Magrini, A. Bergamaschi, A. Galante, and G. Bernardi CagA-positive Helicobacter pylori strains may influence the natural history of atherosclerotic stroke Neurology, September 14, 2004; 63(5): 800 - 804. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. A. Manolio, E. Boerwinkle, C. J. O'Donnell, and A. F. Wilson Genetics of Ultrasonographic Carotid Atherosclerosis Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., September 1, 2004; 24(9): 1567 - 1577. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. B. J. Mancini, B. Dahlof, and J. Diez Surrogate Markers for Cardiovascular Disease: Structural Markers Circulation, June 29, 2004; 109(25_suppl_1): IV-22 - IV-30. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Zureik, S. Kony, C. Neukirch, D. Courbon, B. Leynaert, D. Vervloet, P. Ducimetiere, and F. Neukirch Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness to Methacholine Is Associated With Increased Common Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Men Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., June 1, 2004; 24(6): 1098 - 1103. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. C. Pasternak, M. H. Criqui, E. J. Benjamin, F. G. R. Fowkes, E. M. Isselbacher, P. A. McCullough, P. A. Wolf, and Z.-J. Zheng Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference: Writing Group I: Epidemiology Circulation, June 1, 2004; 109(21): 2605 - 2612. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. K. Olijhoek, Y. van der Graaf, J.-D. Banga, A. Algra, T. J. Rabelink, F. L. J. Visseren, and for the SMART Study Group The Metabolic Syndrome is associated with advanced vascular damage in patients with coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease or abdominal aortic aneurysm Eur. Heart J., February 2, 2004; 25(4): 342 - 348. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. J. Mukamal, R. A. Kronmal, M. A. Mittleman, D. H. O'Leary, J. F. Polak, M. Cushman, and D. S. Siscovick Alcohol Consumption and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., December 1, 2003; 23(12): 2252 - 2259. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. J. Wang, B.-H. Nam, R. B. D'Agostino, P. A. Wolf, D. M. Lloyd-Jones, C. A. MacRae, P. W. Wilson, J. F. Polak, and C. J. O'Donnell Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Is Associated With Premature Parental Coronary Heart Disease: The Framingham Heart Study Circulation, August 5, 2003; 108(5): 572 - 576. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. Cao, C. Thach, T. A. Manolio, B. M. Psaty, L. H. Kuller, P. H.M. Chaves, J. F. Polak, K. Sutton-Tyrrell, D. M. Herrington, T. R. Price, et al. C-Reactive Protein, Carotid Intima-Media Thickness, and Incidence of Ischemic Stroke in the Elderly: The Cardiovascular Health Study Circulation, July 15, 2003; 108(2): 166 - 170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epide Intensive Diabetes Therapy and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus N. Engl. J. Med., June 5, 2003; 348(23): 2294 - 2303. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. E. Wagenknecht, D. Zaccaro, M. A. Espeland, A. J. Karter, D. H. O'Leary, and S. M. Haffner Diabetes and Progression of Carotid Atherosclerosis: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., June 1, 2003; 23(6): 1035 - 1041. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Jerrard-Dunne, H. S. Markus, D. A. Steckel, A. Buehler, S. von Kegler, and M. Sitzer Early Carotid Atherosclerosis and Family History of Vascular Disease: Specific Effects on Arterial Sites Have Implications for Genetic Studies Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., February 1, 2003; 23(2): 302 - 306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. S. Fox, J. F. Polak, I. Chazaro, A. Cupples, P. A. Wolf, R. A. D'Agostino, and C. J. O'Donnell Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Atherosclerosis Phenotypes in Men and Women: Heritability of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in the Framingham Heart Study Stroke, February 1, 2003; 34(2): 397 - 401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. S. Leinonen, J. T. Salonen, R. M. Salonen, R. A. Koistinen, P. J. Leinonen, S. S. Sarna, and M.-R. Taskinen Reduced IGFBP-1 Is Associated With Thickening of the Carotid Wall in Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes Care, October 1, 2002; 25(10): 1807 - 1812. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. J. Wang, B.-H. Nam, P. W.F. Wilson, P. A. Wolf, D. Levy, J. F. Polak, R. B. D'Agostino, and C. J. O'Donnell Association of C-Reactive Protein With Carotid Atherosclerosis in Men and Women: The Framingham Heart Study Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., October 1, 2002; 22(10): 1662 - 1667. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. B. Newman, B. L. Naydeck, K. Sutton-Tyrrell, D. Edmundowicz, D. O'Leary, R. Kronmal, G. L. Burke, and L. H. Kuller Relationship Between Coronary Artery Calcification and Other Measures of Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease in Older Adults Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., October 1, 2002; 22(10): 1674 - 1679. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Silvestrini, B. Rizzato, F. Placidi, R. Baruffaldi, A. Bianconi, and M. Diomedi Carotid Artery Wall Thickness in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Stroke, July 1, 2002; 33(7): 1782 - 1785. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Iglesias del Sol, M.L. Bots, D.E. Grobbee, A. Hofman, and J.C.M. Witteman Carotid intima-media thickness at different sites: relation to incident myocardial infarction. The Rotterdam Study Eur. Heart J., June 2, 2002; 23(12): 934 - 940. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Takashi, F. Tsutomu, and F. Kentaro Ultrasonic Correlates of Common Carotid Atherosclerosis in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Angiology, March 1, 2002; 53(2): 177 - 183. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Lernfelt, M. Forsberg, C. Blomstrand, D. Mellstrom, and R. Volkmann Cerebral Atherosclerosis as Predictor of Stroke and Mortality in Representative Elderly Population Stroke, January 1, 2002; 33(1): 224 - 229. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. H. Davis, J. D. Dawson, W. A. Riley, and R. M. Lauer Carotid Intimal-Medial Thickness Is Related to Cardiovascular Risk Factors Measured From Childhood Through Middle Age: The Muscatine Study Circulation, December 4, 2001; 104(23): 2815 - 2819. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T.-C. Su, J.-S. Jeng, K.-L. Chien, F.-C. Sung, H.-C. Hsu, and Y.-T. Lee Hypertension Status Is the Major Determinant of Carotid Atherosclerosis: A Community-Based Study in Taiwan Stroke, October 1, 2001; 32(10): 2265 - 2271. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Nagai, K. Kitagawa, M. Sakaguchi, Y. Shimizu, H. Hashimoto, H. Yamagami, M. Narita, T. Ohtsuki, M. Hori, and M. Matsumoto Significance of Earlier Carotid Atherosclerosis for Stroke Subtypes Stroke, August 1, 2001; 32(8): 1780 - 1785. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. I. del Sol, K. G.M. Moons, M. Hollander, A. Hofman, P. J. Koudstaal, D. E. Grobbee, M. M.B. Breteler, J. C.M. Witteman, and M. L. Bots Is Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Useful in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment? : The Rotterdam Study Stroke, July 1, 2001; 32(7): 1532 - 1538. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. R. Sirtori, L. Calabresi, G. Franceschini, D. Baldassarre, M. Amato, J. Johansson, M. Salvetti, C. Monteduro, R. Zulli, M. L. Muiesan, et al. Cardiovascular Status of Carriers of the Apolipoprotein A-IMilano Mutant : The Limone sul Garda Study Circulation, April 17, 2001; 103(15): 1949 - 1954. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Frauchiger, H. P. Schmid, C. Roedel, P. Moosmann, and D. Staub Comparison of Carotid Arterial Resistive Indices With Intima-Media Thickness as Sonographic Markers of Atherosclerosis Stroke, April 1, 2001; 32(4): 836 - 841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P.M. Rothwell The Interrelation between carotid, femoral and coronary artery disease Eur. Heart J., January 1, 2001; 22(1): 11 - 14. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Zureik, P. Ducimetiere, P.-J. Touboul, D. Courbon, C. Bonithon-Kopp, C. Berr, and C. Magne Common Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Predicts Occurrence of Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques : Longitudinal Results From the Aging Vascular Study (EVA) Study Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., June 1, 2000; 20(6): 1622 - 1629. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. S. Gottdiener, A. M. Arnold, G. P. Aurigemma, J. F. Polak, R. P. Tracy, D. W. Kitzman, J. M. Gardin, J. E. Rutledge, and R. C. Boineau Predictors of congestive heart failure in the elderly: the cardiovascular health study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 1, 2000; 35(6): 1628 - 1637. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Buttitta, U. Limbruno, A. S. Petronio, R. Baglini, G. Strata, R. Mariotti, M. Ciccone, M. Mariani, and A. Balbarini Usefulness of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Measurement and Peripheral B-Mode Ultrasound Scan in the Clinical Screening of Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Angiology, April 1, 2000; 51(4): 269 - 279. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. S Reneman and A. P.G Hoeks Noninvasive vascular ultrasound: An asset in vascular medicine Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2000; 45(1): 27 - 35. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. R Mohler III, N. Delanty, D. J Rader, and E. C Raps Statins and cerebrovascular disease: plaque attack to prevent brain attack Vascular Medicine, November 1, 1999; 4(4): 269 - 272. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. C. G. Simons, A. Algra, M. L. Bots, D. E. Grobbee, and Y. van der Graaf Common Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Arterial Stiffness : Indicators of Cardiovascular Risk in High-Risk PatientsThe SMART Study (Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease) Circulation, August 31, 1999; 100(9): 951 - 957. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. H. Davis, J. D. Dawson, L. T. Mahoney, and R. M. Lauer Increased Carotid Intimal-Medial Thickness and Coronary Calcification Are Related in Young and Middle-Aged Adults : The Muscatine Study Circulation, August 24, 1999; 100(8): 838 - 842. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Thalhammer, B. Balzuweit, A. Busjahn, C. Walter, F. C. Luft, and H. Haller Endothelial Cell Dysfunction and Arterial Wall Hypertrophy Are Associated With Disturbed Carbohydrate Metabolism in Patients at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., May 1, 1999; 19(5): 1173 - 1179. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Ebrahim, O. Papacosta, P. Whincup, G. Wannamethee, M. Walker, A. N. Nicolaides, S. Dhanjil, M. Griffin, G. Belcaro, A. Rumley, et al. Carotid Plaque, Intima Media Thickness, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Prevalent Cardiovascular Disease in Men and Women : The British Regional Heart Study Stroke, April 1, 1999; 30(4): 841 - 850. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. Bhadelia, M. Anderson, J. F. Polak, T. A. Manolio, N. Beauchamp, L. Knepper, and D. H. O'Leary Prevalence and Associations of MRI-Demonstrated Brain Infarcts in Elderly Subjects With a History of Transient Ischemic Attack : The Cardiovascular Health Study Stroke, February 1, 1999; 30(2): 383 - 388. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. H. O'Leary, J. F. Polak, R. A. Kronmal, T. A. Manolio, G. L. Burke, S. K. Wolfson, and The Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Rese Carotid-Artery Intima and Media Thickness as a Risk Factor for Myocardial Infarction and Stroke in Older Adults N. Engl. J. Med., January 7, 1999; 340(1): 14 - 22. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Gariepy, J. Salomon, N. Denarie, F. Laskri, J. L. Megnien, J. Levenson, and A. Simon Sex and Topographic Differences in Associations Between Large-Artery Wall Thickness and Coronary Risk Profile in a French Working Cohort : The AXA Study Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., April 1, 1998; 18(4): 584 - 590. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. M. Okin, M. J. Roman, J. E. Schwartz, T. G. Pickering, and R. B. Devereux Relation of Exercise-Induced Myocardial Ischemia to Cardiac and Carotid Structure Hypertension, December 1, 1997; 30(6): 1382 - 1388. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. W.F. Wilson, J. M. Hoeg, R. B. D'Agostino, H. Silbershatz, A. M. Belanger, H. Poehlmann, D. O'Leary, and P. A. Wolf Cumulative Effects of High Cholesterol Levels, High Blood Pressure, and Cigarette Smoking on Carotid Stenosis N. Engl. J. Med., |