| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Stroke. 1999;30:1047-1055.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contributions |
Associations of Risk Factors With Segment-Specific Intimal-Medial Thickness of the Extracranial Carotid Artery
From the Departments of Public Health Sciences (M.A.E.), Vascular Ultrasound Research (R.T., M.M.), and Internal Medicine (J.G.T., D.H.D., J.R.C.), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC. Dr Mercuri's current affiliation is with Merck & Co.
Background and Purpose—It is generally assumed that risk factors affect extracranial carotid intimal-medial thickness similarly among all arterial segments. This assumption underlies use of single segments or walls of segments as outcome variables for risk factor studies and clinical trials. However, if the impact of risk factors was unequal for various segments or circumferentially asymmetrical within segments, then inferences drawn from a single segment or wall might not be generalizable; furthermore, since individual segments and walls have unique histological characteristics and are differentially exposed to turbulent flow, risk factor relationships with a particular segment or wall may provide inferences regarding pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Methods—We evaluated associations of risk factors with intimal-medial thickness at the near and far walls of the common carotid artery, bifurcation, and internal carotid artery in 280 individuals older than 45 years equally divided between coronary artery disease cases and controls and between men and women.
Results—The patterns of differences in mean intimal-medial thickness among segments vary, depending on age, history of hypertension, body mass index in women, and coronary (case-control) status. The asymmetry of disease depended on blood glucose concentrations, prior history of diabetes, smoking, and coronary status. Sex, postmenopausal status, LDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and history of myocardial infarction all had statistically significant relationships with intimal-medial thickness that were fairly homogeneous among arterial sites.
Conclusions—Focus on an individual segments or walls of the extracranial carotid arteries may lead to overestimation or underestimation of associations of risk factors with extracranial carotid intimal-medial thickness.
Key Words: atherosclerosis • carotid arteries • coronary artery disease • risk factors • ultrasonography
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  E. M. Urbina, R. V. Williams, B. S. Alpert, R. T. Collins, S. R. Daniels, L. Hayman, M. Jacobson, L. Mahoney, M. Mietus-Snyder, A. Rocchini, et al. Noninvasive Assessment of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Children and Adolescents: Recommendations for Standard Assessment for Clinical Research: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Hypertension, November 1, 2009; 54(5): 919 - 950. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Devaraj, R. Tang, B. Adams-Huet, A. Harris, T. Seenivasan, J. A de Lemos, and I. Jialal Effect of high-dose {alpha}-tocopherol supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with coronary artery disease Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2007; 86(5): 1392 - 1398. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. R. Crouse III Thematic review series: Patient-Oriented Research. Imaging atherosclerosis: state of the art J. Lipid Res., August 1, 2006; 47(8): 1677 - 1699. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Lo, S. E. Dolan, J. R. Kanter, L. C. Hemphill, J. M. Connelly, R. S. Lees, and S. K. Grinspoon Effects of Obesity, Body Composition, and Adiponectin on Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Healthy Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2006; 91(5): 1677 - 1682. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Ranjit, A. V. Diez-Roux, L. Chambless, D. R. Jacobs Jr, F. J. Nieto, and M. Szklo Socioeconomic Differences in Progression of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2006; 26(2): 411 - 416. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. G. Terry, J. J. Carr, R. Tang, G. W. Evans, E. O. Kouba, R. Shi, D. R. Cook, J. L.C. Vieira, M. A. Espeland, M. F. Mercuri, et al. Coronary Artery Calcium Outperforms Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness as a Noninvasive Index of Prevalent Coronary Artery Stenosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 2005; 25(8): 1723 - 1728. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M.L. Eigenbrodt, Z. Bursac, E.P. Eigenbrodt, D.J. Couper, R.E. Tracy, and J.L. Mehta Mathematical estimation of the potential effect of vascular remodelling/dilatation on B-mode ultrasound intima-medial thickness QJM, November 1, 2004; 97(11): 729 - 737. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Elosua, J. M. Ordovas, L. A. Cupples, C. S. Fox, J. F. Polak, P. A. Wolf, R. A. D'Agostino Sr., and C. J. O'Donnell Association of APOE genotype with carotid atherosclerosis in men and women: the Framingham Heart Study J. Lipid Res., October 1, 2004; 45(10): 1868 - 1875. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. L. Schott, R. P. Wildman, S. Brockwell, L. R. Simkin-Silverman, L. H. Kuller, and K. Sutton-Tyrrell Segment-Specific Effects of Cardiovascular Risk Factors on Carotid Artery Intima-Medial Thickness in Women at Midlife Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2004; 24(10): 1951 - 1956. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S.-H. H. Juo, H.-F. Lin, T. Rundek, E. A. Sabala, B. Boden-Albala, N. Park, M.-Y. Lan, and R. L. Sacco Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Obesity Phenotypes in the Northern Manhattan Family Study Stroke, October 1, 2004; 35(10): 2243 - 2247. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Hallerstam, P. T. Larsson, E. Zuber, and S. Rosfors Carotid Atherosclerosis is Correlated with Extent and Severity of Coronary Artery Disease Evaluated by Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy Angiology, May 1, 2004; 55(3): 281 - 288. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. E Macioch, C D. Katsamakis, J. Robin, P. R Liebson, P. M Meyer, C. Geohas, J. S Raichlen, M. H Davidson, and S. B Feinstein Effect of contrast enhancement on measurement of carotid artery intimal medial thickness Vascular Medicine, February 1, 2004; 9(1): 7 - 12. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. G. Terry, R. Tang, M. A. Espeland, D. H. Davis, J. L.C. Vieira, M. F. Mercuri, and J. R. Crouse III Carotid Arterial Structure in Patients With Documented Coronary Artery Disease and Disease-Free Control Subjects Circulation, March 4, 2003; 107(8): 1146 - 1151. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. Oliviero, G. Scherillo, C. Casaburi, M. di Martino, A. di Gianni, R. Serpico, S. Fazio, and L. Sacca Prospective Evaluation of Hypertensive Patients with Carotid Kinking and Coiling: An Ultrasonographic 7-Year Study Angiology, March 1, 2003; 54(2): 169 - 175. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. S. Fox, J. F. Polak, I. Chazaro, A. Cupples, P. A. Wolf, R. A. D'Agostino, and C. J. O'Donnell Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Atherosclerosis Phenotypes in Men and Women: Heritability of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in the Framingham Heart Study Stroke, February 1, 2003; 34(2): 397 - 401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Crouse III, R. Tang, M. A. Espeland, J. G. Terry, T. Morgan, and M. Mercuri Associations of Extracranial Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression With Coronary Status and Risk Factors in Patients With and Without Coronary Artery Disease Circulation, October 15, 2002; 106(16): 2061 - 2066. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Adachi, Y. Hirai, Y. Fujiura, H. Matsuoka, A. Satoh, and T. Imaizumi Plasma Homocysteine Levels and Atherosclerosis in Japan: Epidemiological Study by Use of Carotid Ultrasonography Stroke, September 1, 2002; 33(9): 2177 - 2181. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. E. Cooper, D. C. Goff Jr., R. A. Bell, D. Zaccaro, E. J. Mayer-Davis, and A. J. Karter Is Insulin Sensitivity a Causal Intermediate in the Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption and Carotid Atherosclerosis?: The Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis Study Diabetes Care, August 1, 2002; 25(8): 1425 - 1431. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. P. Archie Jr Restenosis After Carotid Endarterectomy in Patients with Paired Vein and Dacron Patch Reconstruction Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, November 1, 2001; 35(6): 419 - 427. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Rubba, S. Panico, M. G. Bond, G. Covetti, E. Celentano, A. Iannuzzi, R. Galasso, M. A. Belisario, A. Pastinese, L. Sacchetti, et al. Site-Specific Atherosclerotic Plaques in the Carotid Arteries of Middle-Aged Women From Southern Italy: Associations With Traditional Risk Factors and Oxidation Markers Stroke, September 1, 2001; 32(9): 1953 - 1959. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Zureik, P. Ducimetiere, P.-J. Touboul, D. Courbon, C. Bonithon-Kopp, C. Berr, and C. Magne Common Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Predicts Occurrence of Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques : Longitudinal Results From the Aging Vascular Study (EVA) Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2000; 20(6): 1622 - 1629. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Stensland-Bugge, K. H. Bonaa, O. Joakimsen, and I. Njolstad Sex Differences in the Relationship of Risk Factors to Subclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis Measured 15 Years Later : The Tromso Study Stroke, March 1, 2000; 31(3): 574 - 581. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|