Stroke. 2001;32:2575-2579
doi: 10.1161/hs1101.098151
doi: 10.1161/hs1101.098151
(Stroke. 2001;32:2575.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contributions |
Plasma Concentration of C-Reactive Protein and Risk of Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack
The Framingham Study
From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Study (P.A.W., C.S.K., M.K.-H., P.W.F.W.), Framingham, Mass, and the Departments of Neurology (N.S.R., P.A.W., C.S.K., M.K.-H.), Mathematics and Statistics (H.S., R.B.D), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.M.M.), Biochemistry (C.F.), and Medicine (P.W.F.W.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass.
Correspondence to Philip A. Wolf, MD, Neurological Epidemiology and Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany St, B-608, Boston, MA 02118-2526. E-mail pawolf{at}bu.edu
Background—— The role of C-reactive protein (CRP) as a novel plasma marker of atherothrombotic disease is currently under investigation. Previous studies have mostly related CRP to coronary heart disease, were often restricted to a case-control design, and failed to include pertinent risk factors to evaluate the joint and net effect of CRP on the outcome. We related plasma CRP levels to incidence of first ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) in the Framingham Study original cohort.
Methods—— There were 591 men and 871 women free of stroke/TIA during their 1980 to 1982 clinic examinations, when their mean age was 69.7 years. CRP levels were measured by using an enzyme immunoassay on previously frozen serum samples. Analyses were based on sex-specific CRP quartiles. Risk ratios (RRs) were derived, and series of trend analyses were performed.
Results—— During 12 to 14 years of follow-up, 196 ischemic strokes and TIAs occurred. Independent of age, men in the highest CRP quartile had 2 times the risk of ischemic stroke/TIA (RR=2.0, P=0.027), and women had almost 3 times the risk (RR=2.7, P=0.0003) compared with those in the lowest quartile. Assessment of the trend in risk across quartiles showed unadjusted risk increase for men (RR=1.347, P=0.0025) and women (RR=1.441, P=0.0001). After adjustment for smoking, total/HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and diabetes, the increase in risk across CRP quartiles remained statistically significant for both men (P=0.0365) and women (P=0.0084).
Conclusions—— Independent of other cardiovascular risk factors, elevated plasma CRP levels significantly predict the risk of future ischemic stroke and TIA in the elderly.
Key Words: atherosclerosis • C-reactive protein • inflammation • ischemic stroke • risk factors • TIA
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  M.S.V. Elkind, J. M. Luna, Y. P. Moon, K. M. Liu, S. L. Spitalnik, M. C. Paik, and R. L. Sacco High-sensitivity C-reactive protein predicts mortality but not stroke: The Northern Manhattan Study Neurology, October 20, 2009; 73(16): 1300 - 1307. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. C. Lavallee, J. Labreuche, F. Gongora-Rivera, A. Jaramillo, D. Brenner, I. F Klein, P.-J. Touboul, E. Vicaut, P. Amarenco, and on behalf of the Lacunar-B.I.C.H.A.T. Investigator Placebo-Controlled Trial of High-Dose Atorvastatin in Patients With Severe Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Stroke, May 1, 2009; 40(5): 1721 - 1728. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Karelina, G. J. Norman, N. Zhang, J. S. Morris, H. Peng, and A. C. DeVries Social isolation alters neuroinflammatory response to stroke PNAS, April 7, 2009; 106(14): 5895 - 5900. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. S. Heffernan, S. Y. Jae, V. J. Vieira, G. A. Iwamoto, K. R. Wilund, J. A. Woods, and B. Fernhall C-reactive protein and cardiac vagal activity following resistance exercise training in young African-American and white men Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, April 1, 2009; 296(4): R1098 - R1105. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. M. Stuart-Shor, G. A. Wellenius, D. M. DelloIacono, and M. A. Mittleman Gender Differences in Presenting and Prodromal Stroke Symptoms Stroke, April 1, 2009; 40(4): 1121 - 1126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. M Ridker C-Reactive Protein: Eighty Years from Discovery to Emergence as a Major Risk Marker for Cardiovascular Disease Clin. Chem., February 1, 2009; 55(2): 209 - 215. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Nambi, R. C. Hoogeveen, L. Chambless, Y. Hu, H. Bang, J. Coresh, H. Ni, E. Boerwinkle, T. Mosley, R. Sharrett, et al. Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Improve the Stratification of Ischemic Stroke Risk in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Stroke, February 1, 2009; 40(2): 376 - 381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Mathew, L. Francis, A. Kayalar, and J. Cone Obesity: Effects on Cardiovascular Disease and its Diagnosis J Am Board Fam Med, November 1, 2008; 21(6): 562 - 568. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Tholstrup, M. Raff, E. M. Straarup, P. Lund, S. Basu, and J. M. Bruun An Oil Mixture with Trans-10, Cis-12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Increases Markers of Inflammation and in Vivo Lipid Peroxidation Compared with Cis-9, Trans-11 Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Postmenopausal Women J. Nutr., August 1, 2008; 138(8): 1445 - 1451. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. C. Larsson, S. Mannisto, M. J. Virtanen, J. Kontto, D. Albanes, and J. Virtamo Coffee and Tea Consumption and Risk of Stroke Subtypes in Male Smokers Stroke, June 1, 2008; 39(6): 1681 - 1687. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. M. Matheson, M. S. Player, A. G. Mainous III, D. E. King, and C. J. Everett The Association Between Hay Fever and Stroke in a Cohort of Middle Aged and Elderly Adults J Am Board Fam Med, May 1, 2008; 21(3): 179 - 183. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Protopsaltis, P. Korantzopoulos, H. J. Milionis, A. Koutsovasilis, G. K. Nikolopoulos, E. Dimou, S. Kokkoris, P. Brestas, M. S. Elisaf, and A. Melidonis Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components as Predictors of Ischemic Stroke in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Stroke, March 1, 2008; 39(3): 1036 - 1038. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Kinlay, G. G. Schwartz, A. G. Olsson, N. Rifai, M. Szarek, D. D. Waters, P. Libby, P. Ganz, and for the Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggress Inflammation, Statin Therapy, and Risk of Stroke After an Acute Coronary Syndrome in the MIRACL Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2008; 28(1): 142 - 147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. B. Vaughan, F. Ovalle, and E. Moreland Vascular disease in paediatric type 2 diabetes: the state of the art Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, December 1, 2007; 4(4): 297 - 304. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. S. Mullenix, S. R. Steele, M. J. Martin, B. W. Starnes, and C. A. Andersen C-reactive Protein Level and Traditional Vascular Risk Factors in the Prediction of Carotid Stenosis Arch Surg, November 1, 2007; 142(11): 1066 - 1071. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Sander, C. Schulze Horn, C. Briesenick, and D. Sander High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Is Independently Associated With Early Carotid Artery Progression in Women But Not in Men: The INVADE Study Stroke, November 1, 2007; 38(11): 2881 - 2886. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. N. Patel, C. A. King, S. R. Bailey, J. W. Holt, K. Venkatachalam, A. Agrawal, A. J. Valente, and B. Chandrasekar Interleukin-17 Stimulates C-reactive Protein Expression in Hepatocytes and Smooth Muscle Cells via p38 MAPK and ERK1/2-dependent NF-{kappa}B and C/EBPbeta Activation J. Biol. Chem., September 14, 2007; 282(37): 27229 - 27238. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Tousoulis, C. Antoniades, and C. Stefanadis Assessing inflammatory status in cardiovascular disease Heart, August 1, 2007; 93(8): 1001 - 1007. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. M. Ridker C-Reactive Protein and the Prediction of Cardiovascular Events Among Those at Intermediate Risk: Moving an Inflammatory Hypothesis Toward Consensus J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 29, 2007; 49(21): 2129 - 2138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. S. Tan, A. S. Beiser, R. S. Vasan, R. Roubenoff, C. A. Dinarello, T. B. Harris, E. J. Benjamin, R. Au, D. P. Kiel, P. A. Wolf, et al. Inflammatory markers and the risk of Alzheimer disease: The Framingham Study Neurology, May 29, 2007; 68(22): 1902 - 1908. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. M Ridker and B. M. Everett Letter by Ridker and Everett Regarding Article, "The Inflammatory Hypothesis: Any Progress in Risk Stratification and Therapeutic Targets?" Circulation, May 22, 2007; 115(20): e475 - e475. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Tzoulaki, G. D. Murray, A. J. Lee, A. Rumley, G. D.O. Lowe, and F. G. R. Fowkes Relative Value of Inflammatory, Hemostatic, and Rheological Factors for Incident Myocardial Infarction and Stroke: The Edinburgh Artery Study Circulation, April 24, 2007; 115(16): 2119 - 2127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Schlager, M. Exner, W. Mlekusch, S. Sabeti, J. Amighi, P. Dick, O. Wagner, R. Koppensteiner, E. Minar, and M. Schillinger C-Reactive Protein Predicts Future Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Carotid Stenosis Stroke, April 1, 2007; 38(4): 1263 - 1268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. M Ridker, J. E. Buring, N. Rifai, and N. R. Cook Development and Validation of Improved Algorithms for the Assessment of Global Cardiovascular Risk in Women: The Reynolds Risk Score JAMA, February 14, 2007; 297(6): 611 - 619. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. R. Bates, C. J. D. Babb, D. E. Casey, C. U. Cates, G. R. Duckwiler, T. E. Feldman, W. A. Gray, K. Ouriel, E. D. Peterson, K. Rosenfield, et al. ACCF/SCAI/SVMB/SIR/ASITN 2007 Clinical Expert Consensus Document on Carotid Stenting: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents (ACCF/SCAI/SVMB/SIR/ASITN Clinical Expert Consensus Document Committee on Carotid Stenting) Vascular Medicine, February 1, 2007; 12(1): 35 - 83. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Deutsch Evaluation of the Effect of Neptune Krill Oil on Chronic Inflammation and Arthritic Symptoms J. Am. Coll. Nutr., February 1, 2007; 26(1): 39 - 48. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
American Society of Interventional & Therapeutic N, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interve, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, E. R. Bates, J. D. Babb, D. E. Casey Jr, C. U. Cates, G. R. Duckwiler, T. E. Feldman, et al. ACCF/SCAI/SVMB/SIR/ASITN 2007 Clinical Expert Consensus Document on Carotid Stenting: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents (ACCF/SCAI/SVMB/SIR/ASITN Clinical Expert Consensus Document Committee on Carotid Stenting) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 2, 2007; 49(1): 126 - 170. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. M. Everett, T. Kurth, J. E. Buring, and P. M. Ridker The Relative Strength of C-Reactive Protein and Lipid Levels as Determinants of Ischemic Stroke Compared With Coronary Heart Disease in Women J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 5, 2006; 48(11): 2235 - 2242. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Libby and P. M. Ridker Inflammation and Atherothrombosis: From Population Biology and Bench Research to Clinical Practice J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 27, 2006; 48(9_Suppl_A): A33 - A46. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Bos, C. M. A. Schipper, P. J. Koudstaal, J. C.M. Witteman, A. Hofman, and M. M.B. Breteler High Serum C-Reactive Protein Level Is Not an Independent Predictor for Stroke: The Rotterdam Study Circulation, October 10, 2006; 114(15): 1591 - 1598. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Sato, H. Iso, H. Noda, A. Kitamura, H. Imano, M. Kiyama, T. Ohira, T. Okada, M. Yao, T. Tanigawa, et al. Plasma Fibrinogen Concentrations and Risk of Stroke and Its Subtypes Among Japanese Men and Women Stroke, October 1, 2006; 37(10): 2488 - 2492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. D. Bushnell, P. Hurn, C. Colton, V. M. Miller, G. del Zoppo, M. S.V. Elkind, B. Stern, D. Herrington, G. Ford-Lynch, P. Gorelick, et al. Advancing the Study of Stroke in Women: Summary and Recommendations for Future Research From an NINDS-Sponsored Multidisciplinary Working Group Stroke, September 1, 2006; 37(9): 2387 - 2399. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Dziedzic Systemic inflammatory markers and risk of dementia. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, August 1, 2006; 21(4): 258 - 262. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. J. Hankey Potential New Risk Factors for Ischemic Stroke: What Is Their Potential? Stroke, August 1, 2006; 37(8): 2181 - 2188. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Somani, P. J. Grant, K. Kain, A. J. Catto, and A. M. Carter Complement C3 and C-Reactive Protein Are Elevated in South Asians Independent of a Family History of Stroke Stroke, August 1, 2006; 37(8): 2001 - 2006. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Ladenvall, K. Jood, C. Blomstrand, S. Nilsson, C. Jern, and P. Ladenvall Serum C-Reactive Protein Concentration and Genotype in Relation to Ischemic Stroke Subtype Stroke, August 1, 2006; 37(8): 2018 - 2023. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Tanne, M. Benderly, U. Goldbourt, M. Haim, A. Tenenbaum, E. Z. Fisman, Z. Matas, Y. Adler, R. Zimmlichman, and S. Behar C-Reactive Protein as a Predictor of Incident Ischemic Stroke Among Patients With Preexisting Cardiovascular Disease Stroke, July 1, 2006; 37(7): 1720 - 1724. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Ridker, N. Rifai, W. Koenig, and R. S. Blumenthal C-reactive protein and cardiovascular risk in the framingham study. Arch Intern Med, June 26, 2006; 166(12): 1327 - 1328. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. B. Goldstein, R. Adams, M. J. Alberts, L. J. Appel, L. M. Brass, C. D. Bushnell, A. Culebras, T. J. DeGraba, P. B. Gorelick, J. R. Guyton, et al. Primary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: Cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Circulation, June 20, 2006; 113(24): e873 - e923. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M. Bokesch, G. A. Izykenova, J. B. Justice, K. A. Easley, and S. A. Dambinova NMDA Receptor Antibodies Predict Adverse Neurological Outcome After Cardiac Surgery in High-Risk Patients Stroke, June 1, 2006; 37(6): 1432 - 1436. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. B. Goldstein, R. Adams, M. J. Alberts, L. J. Appel, L. M. Brass, C. D. Bushnell, A. Culebras, T. J. DeGraba, P. B. Gorelick, J. R. Guyton, et al. Primary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: Cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke, June 1, 2006; 37(6): 1583 - 1633. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Poirier, T. D. Giles, G. A. Bray, Y. Hong, J. S. Stern, F. X. Pi-Sunyer, and R. H. Eckel Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2006; 26(5): 968 - 976. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Tsimikas, J. T. Willerson, and P. M. Ridker C-reactive protein and other emerging blood biomarkers to optimize risk stratification of vulnerable patients. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 18, 2006; 47(8 Suppl): C19 - C31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Poirier, T. D. Giles, G. A. Bray, Y. Hong, J. S. Stern, F. X. Pi-Sunyer, and R. H. Eckel Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Effect of Weight Loss: An Update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease From the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Circulation, February 14, 2006; 113(6): 898 - 918. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. R. Pijak Rebound Inflammation and the Risk of Ischemic Stroke After Discontinuation of Aspirin Therapy Arch Neurol, February 1, 2006; 63(2): 300 - 301. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. M. Crimmins and C. E. Finch Infection, inflammation, height, and longevity PNAS, January 10, 2006; 103(2): 498 - 503. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Khera, J. A. de Lemos, R. M. Peshock, H. S. Lo, H. G. Stanek, S. A. Murphy, F. H. Wians Jr, S. M. Grundy, and D. K. McGuire Relationship Between C-Reactive Protein and Subclinical Atherosclerosis: The Dallas Heart Study Circulation, January 3, 2006; 113(1): 38 - 43. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. J. Boos, R. A. Anderson, and G. Y.H. Lip Is atrial fibrillation an inflammatory disorder? Eur. Heart J., January 2, 2006; 27(2): 136 - 149. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Nasermoaddeli, M. Sekine, and S. Kagamimori Gender Differences in Associations of C-Reactive Protein With Atherosclerotic Risk Factors and Psychosocial Characteristics in Japanese Civil Servants Psychosom Med, January 1, 2006; 68(1): 58 - 63. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Campbell, M. Woodward, J. P. Chalmers, S. A. Colman, A. J. Jenkins, B. E. Kemp, B. C. Neal, A. Patel, and S. W. MacMahon Soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 and N-terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Predicting Ischemic Stroke in Patients With Cerebrovascular Disease Arch Neurol, January 1, 2006; 63(1): 60 - 65. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Wakugawa, Y. Kiyohara, Y. Tanizaki, M. Kubo, T. Ninomiya, J. Hata, Y. Doi, K. Okubo, Y. Oishi, K. Shikata, et al. C-Reactive Protein and Risk of First-Ever Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke in a General Japanese Population: The Hisayama Study Stroke, January 1, 2006; 37(1): 27 - 32. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Kizer, D. O. Wiebers, J. P. Whisnant, J. M. Galloway, T. K. Welty, E. T. Lee, L. G. Best, H. E. Resnick, M. J. Roman, and R. B. Devereux Mitral Annular Calcification, Aortic Valve Sclerosis, and Incident Stroke in Adults Free of Clinical Cardiovascular Disease: The Strong Heart Study Stroke, December 1, 2005; 36(12): 2533 - 2537. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. W. F. Wilson, B.-H. Nam, M. Pencina, R. B. D'Agostino Sr, E. J. Benjamin, and C. J. O'Donnell C-Reactive Protein and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Men and Women From the Framingham Heart Study Arch Intern Med, November 28, 2005; 165(21): 2473 - 2478. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Ballantyne, R. C. Hoogeveen, H. Bang, J. Coresh, A. R. Folsom, L. E. Chambless, M. Myerson, K. K. Wu, A. R. Sharrett, and E. Boerwinkle Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2, High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein, and Risk for Incident Ischemic Stroke in Middle-aged Men and Women in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Arch Intern Med, November 28, 2005; 165(21): 2479 - 2484. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Allard, P. R. Burkhard, P. Lescuyer, J. A. Burgess, N. Walter, D. F. Hochstrasser, and J.-C. Sanchez PARK7 and Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase A as Plasma Markers for the Early Diagnosis of Stroke Clin. Chem., November 1, 2005; 51(11): 2043 - 2051. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. A. Lakka, H.-M. Lakka, T. Rankinen, A. S. Leon, D.C. Rao, J. S. Skinner, J. H. Wilmore, and C. Bouchard Effect of exercise training on plasma levels of C-reactive protein in healthy adults: the HERITAGE Family Study Eur. Heart J., October 1, 2005; 26(19): 2018 - 2025. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Makita, M. Nakamura, and K. Hiramori The Association of C-Reactive Protein Levels With Carotid Intima-Media Complex Thickness and Plaque Formation in the General Population Stroke, October 1, 2005; 36(10): 2138 - 2142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. P. Grocott, W. D. White, R. W. Morris, M. V. Podgoreanu, J. P. Mathew, D. M. Nielsen, D. A. Schwinn, M. F. Newman, and for the Perioperative Genetics and Safety Outcomes Genetic Polymorphisms and the Risk of Stroke After Cardiac Surgery Stroke, September 1, 2005; 36(9): 1854 - 1858. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. K.S. Craft, E. R. Glasper, L. McCullough, N. Zhang, N. Sugo, T. Otsuka, P. D. Hurn, and A. C. DeVries Social Interaction Improves Experimental Stroke Outcome Stroke, September 1, 2005; 36(9): 2006 - 2011. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. E. Hafer-Macko, S. Yu, A. S. Ryan, F. M. Ivey, and R. F. Macko Elevated Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha} in Skeletal Muscle After Stroke Stroke, September 1, 2005; 36(9): 2021 - 2023. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. J. van Dijk, N. D. Prins, S. E. Vermeer, H. A. Vrooman, A. Hofman, P. J. Koudstaal, and M. M.B. Breteler C-Reactive Protein and Cerebral Small-Vessel Disease: The Rotterdam Scan Study Circulation, August 9, 2005; 112(6): 900 - 905. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Khera, D. K. McGuire, S. A. Murphy, H. G. Stanek, S. R. Das, W. Vongpatanasin, F. H. Wians Jr, S. M. Grundy, and J. A. de Lemos Race and Gender Differences in C-Reactive Protein Levels J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 2, 2005; 46(3): 464 - 469. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Di Napoli, M. Schwaninger, R. Cappelli, E. Ceccarelli, G. Di Gianfilippo, C. Donati, H. C.A. Emsley, S. Forconi, S. J. Hopkins, L. Masotti, et al. Evaluation of C-Reactive Protein Measurement for Assessing the Risk and Prognosis in Ischemic Stroke: A Statement for Health Care Professionals From the CRP Pooling Project Members Stroke, June 1, 2005; 36(6): 1316 - 1329. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Schillinger, M. Exner, W. Mlekusch, S. Sabeti, J. Amighi, R. Nikowitsch, E. Timmel, B. Kickinger, C. Minar, M. Pones, et al. Inflammation and Carotid Artery--Risk for Atherosclerosis Study (ICARAS) Circulation, May 3, 2005; 111(17): 2203 - 2209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. B. Kritchevsky, M. Cesari, and M. Pahor Inflammatory markers and cardiovascular health in older adults Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2005; 66(2): 265 - 275. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. J. Nicklas, T. You, and M. Pahor Behavioural treatments for chronic systemic inflammation: effects of dietary weight loss and exercise training Can. Med. Assoc. J., April 26, 2005; 172(9): 1199 - 1209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Slowik, A. Borratynska, W. Turaj, J. Pera, T. Dziedzic, D. A. Figlewicz, M. Betlej, T. Krzyszkowski, R. Czepko, and A. Szczudlik {alpha}1-Antichymotrypsin Gene (SERPINA3) A/T Polymorphism as a Risk Factor for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Stroke, April 1, 2005; 36(4): 737 - 740. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Genius, T. Dong-Si, A. P. Grau, and C. Lichy Postacute C-Reactive Protein Levels Are Elevated in Cervical Artery Dissection Stroke, April 1, 2005; 36(4): e42 - e44. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Q. Wang, X. Zhu, Q. Xu, X. Ding, Y. E. Chen, and Q. Song Effect of C-reactive protein on gene expression in vascular endothelial cells Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2005; 288(4): H1539 - H1545. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. M. Stuveling, S. J. L. Bakker, H. L. Hillege, P. E. de Jong, R. O. B. Gans, and D. de Zeeuw Biochemical risk markers: a novel area for better prediction of renal risk? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., March 1, 2005; 20(3): 497 - 508. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H.-H. S. Oei, I. M. van der Meer, A. Hofman, P. J. Koudstaal, T. Stijnen, M. M.B. Breteler, and J. C.M. Witteman Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Activity Is Associated With Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Ischemic Stroke: The Rotterdam Study Circulation, February 8, 2005; 111(5): 570 - 575. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Iacoviello, A. Di Castelnuovo, M. Gattone, A. Pezzini, D. Assanelli, R. Lorenzet, E. Del Zotto, M. Colombo, E. Napoleone, C. Amore, et al. Polymorphisms of the Interleukin-1{beta} Gene Affect the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Stroke at Young Age and the Response of Mononuclear Cells to Stimulation In Vitro Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2005; 25(1): 222 - 227. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. P. Fortmann, E. Ford, M. H. Criqui, A. R. Folsom, T. B. Harris, Y. Hong, T. A. Pearson, D. Siscovick, F. Vinicor, and P. F. Wilson CDC/AHA Workshop on Markers of Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease: Application to Clinical and Public Health Practice: Report From the Population Science Discussion Group Circulation, December 21, 2004; 110(25): e554 - e559. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. W.F. Wilson CDC/AHA Workshop on Markers of Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease: Application to Clinical and Public Health Practice: Ability of Inflammatory Markers to Predict Disease in Asymptomatic Patients: A Background Paper Circulation, December 21, 2004; 110(25): e568 - e571. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Diomedi, A. Pietroiusti, M. Silvestrini, B. Rizzato, L. M. Cupini, F. Ferrante, A. Magrini, A. Bergamaschi, A. Galante, and G. Bernardi CagA-positive Helicobacter pylori strains may influence the natural history of atherosclerotic stroke Neurology, September 14, 2004; 63(5): 800 - 804. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. C. Suarez C-Reactive Protein Is Associated With Psychological Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease in Apparently Healthy Adults Psychosom Med, September 1, 2004; 66(5): 684 - 691. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. T. Fung, M. J. Stampfer, J. E. Manson, K. M. Rexrode, W. C. Willett, and F. B. Hu Prospective Study of Major Dietary Patterns and Stroke Risk in Women Stroke, September 1, 2004; 35(9): 2014 - 2019. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. I. Sokol, E. L. Portnay, J. P. Curtis, M. A. Nelson, P. R. Hebert, J. F. Setaro, and J. M. Foody Modulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system for the secondary prevention of stroke Neurology, July 27, 2004; 63(2): 208 - 213. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. K. Rutter, J. B. Meigs, L. M. Sullivan, R. B. D'Agostino Sr, and P. W.F. Wilson C-Reactive Protein, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Prediction of Cardiovascular Events in the Framingham Offspring Study Circulation, July 27, 2004; 110(4): 380 - 385. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M Ridker, P. W.F. Wilson, and S. M. Grundy Should C-Reactive Protein Be Added to Metabolic Syndrome and to Assessment of Global Cardiovascular Risk? Circulation, June 15, 2004; 109(23): 2818 - 2825. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. J Nicklas, W. Ambrosius, S. P Messier, G. D Miller, B. W. Penninx, R. F Loeser, S. Palla, E. Bleecker, and M. Pahor Diet-induced weight loss, exercise, and chronic inflammation in older, obese adults: a randomized controlled clinical trial Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2004; 79(4): 544 - 551. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. You, D. M. Berman, A. S. Ryan, and B. J. Nicklas Effects of Hypocaloric Diet and Exercise Training on Inflammation and Adipocyte Lipolysis in Obese Postmenopausal Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2004; 89(4): 1739 - 1746. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. O'Rourke, N. Dean, N. Akhtar, and A. Shuaib Current and future concepts in stroke prevention Can. Med. Assoc. J., March 30, 2004; 170(7): 1123 - 1133. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Janardhan, P. A. Wolf, C. S. Kase, J. M. Massaro, R. B. D'Agostino, C. Franzblau, and P. W.F. Wilson Anticardiolipin Antibodies and Risk of Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: The Framingham Cohort and Offspring Study Stroke, March 1, 2004; 35(3): 736 - 741. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Mascitelli and F. Pezzetta Anti-inflammatory Effect of Physical Activity Arch Intern Med, February 23, 2004; 164(4): 460 - 460. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P.J. Kelly, J.P. Kistler, V.E. Shih, R. Mandell, N. Atassi, M. Barron, H. Lee, S. Silveira, and K.L. Furie Inflammation, Homocysteine, and Vitamin B6 Status After Ischemic Stroke Stroke, January 1, 2004; 35(1): 12 - 15. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. J. Blake, N. Rifai, J. E. Buring, and P. M Ridker Blood Pressure, C-Reactive Protein, and Risk of Future Cardiovascular Events Circulation, December 16, 2003; 108(24): 2993 - 2999. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Schillinger, M. Exner, J. Amighi, W. Mlekusch, S. Sabeti, H. Rumpold, O. Wagner, and E. Minar Joint Effects of C-Reactive Protein and Glycated Hemoglobin in Predicting Future Cardiovascular Events of Patients With Advanced Atherosclerosis Circulation, November 11, 2003; 108(19): 2323 - 2328. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. L. Seliger, D. L. Gillen, D. Tirschwell, H. Wasse, B. R. Kestenbaum, and C. O. Stehman-Breen Risk Factors for Incident Stroke among Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., October 1, 2003; 14(10): 2623 - 2631. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Di Napoli Editorial Comment--C-Reactive Protein and Vascular Risk in Stroke Patients: Potential Use for the Future Stroke, October 1, 2003; 34(10): 2468 - 2470. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. F. Arenillas, J. Alvarez-Sabin, C. A. Molina, P. Chacon, J. Montaner, A. Rovira, B. Ibarra, and M. Quintana C-Reactive Protein Predicts Further Ischemic Events in First-Ever Transient Ischemic Attack or Stroke Patients With Intracranial Large-Artery Occlusive Disease Stroke, October 1, 2003; 34(10): 2463 - 2468. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J. Lindsberg and A. J. Grau Inflammation and Infections as Risk Factors for Ischemic Stroke Stroke, October 1, 2003; 34(10): 2518 - 2532. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Chandalia, A. V. Cabo-Chan Jr, S. Devaraj, I. Jialal, S. M. Grundy, and N. Abate Elevated Plasma High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Concentrations in Asian Indians Living in the United States J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2003; 88(8): 3773 - 3776. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. B. Ledue and N. Rifai Preanalytic and Analytic Sources of Variations in C-reactive Protein Measurement: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment Clin. Chem., August 1, 2003; 49(8): 1258 - 1271. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|