Published online before print July 3, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000080678.09344.8D
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Stroke. 2003;34:2060.)
© 2003 American Heart Association, Inc.
Comments, Opinions, and Reviews |
Risk Factors for Intracerebral Hemorrhage in the General Population
A Systematic Review
From the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center (M.J.A., A.A.), and Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht (S.P.C., G.J.E.R., A.A.), Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Correspondence to A. Algra, MD, Department of Neurology and Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, D.01.335, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands. E-mail A.Algra{at}neuro.azu.nl
Background and Purpose— Although data on some risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) already are beyond doubt, for other factors, the evidence is less clear. We performed a systematic overview of case-control and cohort studies on risk factors for ICH.
Methods— We searched MEDLINE, LILACS, EXTRAMED, and Pascal from 1966 to 2001 to identify studies. Studies were included if they met predefined methodological criteria. When possible, 2x2 tables were extracted and combined with the Mantel-Haenszel method. Summary odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for case-control studies, and summary relative risks (RRs) were found for cohort studies and for case-control and cohort studies combined.
Results— Fourteen case-control and 11 cohort studies were identified. We could not always combine the results of case-control and cohort studies. In cohort studies, the crude RR for age (every 10-year increase) was 1.97 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.79 to 2.16). In case-control studies, the crude OR for high alcohol intake was 3.36 (95% CI, 2.21 to 5.12) and for hypertension was 3.68 (95% CI, 2.52 to 5.38). Two cohort studies showed an increasing risk of ICH with increasing degree of hypertension. In cohort and case-control studies combined, the crude RR for sex (male versus female) was 3.73 (95% CI, 3.28 to 4.25); for current smoking, 1.31 (95% CI, 1.09 to 1.58); and for diabetes, 1.30 (95% CI, 1.02 to 1.67).
Conclusions— Risk factors for ICH appeared to be age, male sex, hypertension, and high alcohol intake. High cholesterol tends to be associated with a lower risk of ICH. We could not assess whether these risk factors are independent.
Key Words: intracerebral hemorrhage • meta-analysis • risk factors
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  Y.-C. Chuang, Y.-M. Chen, S.-K. Peng, and S.-Y. Peng Risk stratification for predicting 30-day mortality of intracerebral hemorrhage Int. J. Qual. Health Care, December 1, 2009; 21(6): 441 - 447. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. E. Smith, L. Liang, A. Hernandez, M. J. Reeves, C. P. Cannon, G. C. Fonarow, and L. H. Schwamm Influence of stroke subtype on quality of care in the Get With The Guidelines-Stroke Program Neurology, September 1, 2009; 73(9): 709 - 716. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. A.-S. Salman, D. L Labovitz, and C. Stapf Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage BMJ, July 24, 2009; 339(jul24_1): b2586 - b2586. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Oleinik, J. M. Romero, K. Schwab, M. H. Lev, N. Jhawar, J. E. Delgado Almandoz, E. E. Smith, S. M. Greenberg, J. Rosand, and J. N. Goldstein CT Angiography for Intracerebral Hemorrhage Does Not Increase Risk of Acute Nephropathy Stroke, July 1, 2009; 40(7): 2393 - 2397. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. K. Andersen, T. S. Olsen, C. Dehlendorff, and L. P. Kammersgaard Hemorrhagic and Ischemic Strokes Compared: Stroke Severity, Mortality, and Risk Factors Stroke, June 1, 2009; 40(6): 2068 - 2072. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Hyvarinen, J. Tuomilehto, M. Mahonen, C. D. Stehouwer, K. Pyorala, B. Zethelius, Q. Qiao, and for the DECODE Study Group Hyperglycemia and Incidence of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke-Comparison Between Fasting and 2-Hour Glucose Criteria Stroke, May 1, 2009; 40(5): 1633 - 1637. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Raine, W. Wong, G. Ambler, S. Hardoon, I. Petersen, R. Morris, M. Bartley, and D. Blane Sociodemographic variations in the contribution of secondary drug prevention to stroke survival at middle and older ages: cohort study BMJ, April 16, 2009; 338(apr16_2): b1279 - b1279. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. van Beijnum, C. E. Lovelock, C. Cordonnier, P. M. Rothwell, C. J. M. Klijn, R. Al-Shahi Salman, and on behalf of the SIVMS Steering Committee and the Outcome after spontaneous and arteriovenous malformation-related intracerebral haemorrhage: population-based studies Brain, February 1, 2009; 132(2): 537 - 543. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. R. Copenhaver, A. W. Hsia, J. G. Merino, R. E. Burgess, J. T. Fifi, L. Davis, S. Warach, and C. S. Kidwell Racial differences in microbleed prevalence in primary intracerebral hemorrhage Neurology, October 7, 2008; 71(15): 1176 - 1182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y.-M. Song and H.-J. Cho Risk of Stroke and Myocardial Infarction After Reduction or Cessation of Cigarette Smoking: A Cohort Study in Korean Men Stroke, September 1, 2008; 39(9): 2432 - 2438. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Sturgeon, A. R. Folsom, W.T. Longstreth Jr, E. Shahar, W. D. Rosamond, and M. Cushman Hemostatic and Inflammatory Risk Factors for Intracerebral Hemorrhage in a Pooled Cohort Stroke, August 1, 2008; 39(8): 2268 - 2273. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V Bagnardi, W Zatonski, L Scotti, C La Vecchia, and G Corrao Does drinking pattern modify the effect of alcohol on the risk of coronary heart disease? Evidence from a meta-analysis J Epidemiol Community Health, July 1, 2008; 62(7): 615 - 619. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. S. Rost, S. M. Greenberg, and J. Rosand The Genetic Architecture of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Stroke, July 1, 2008; 39(7): 2166 - 2173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. S. Jacobs and S. M. Greenberg Statins, low cholesterol, and hemorrhagic stroke: An uncertain triangle Neurology, June 10, 2008; 70(24_Part_2): 2355 - 2356. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. B. Goldstein, P. Amarenco, M. Szarek, A. Callahan III, M. Hennerici, H. Sillesen, J. A. Zivin, K.M.A. Welch, and On behalf of the SPARCL Investigators Hemorrhagic stroke in the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels study Neurology, June 10, 2008; 70(24_Part_2): 2364 - 2370. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Nakamura, F. Barzi, T.-H. Lam, R. Huxley, V. L. Feigin, H. Ueshima, J. Woo, D. Gu, T. Ohkubo, C. M.M. Lawes, et al. Cigarette Smoking, Systolic Blood Pressure, and Cardiovascular Diseases in the Asia-Pacific Region Stroke, June 1, 2008; 39(6): 1694 - 1702. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Zia, B. Hedblad, H. Pessah-Rasmussen, G. Berglund, L. Janzon, and G. Engstrom Blood Pressure in Relation to the Incidence of Cerebral Infarction and Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Hypertensive Hemorrhage: Debated Nomenclature Is Still Relevant Stroke, October 1, 2007; 38(10): 2681 - 2685. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Sturgeon, A. R. Folsom, W.T. Longstreth Jr, E. Shahar, W. D. Rosamond, and M. Cushman Risk Factors for Intracerebral Hemorrhage in a Pooled Prospective Study Stroke, October 1, 2007; 38(10): 2718 - 2725. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. L. Labovitz, B. Boden-Albala, W. A. Hauser, and R. L. Sacco Lacunar infarct or deep intracerebral hemorrhage: Who gets which? The Northern Manhattan Study Neurology, February 20, 2007; 68(8): 606 - 608. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Ebrahim, J. Sung, Y.-M. Song, R. L Ferrer, D. A Lawlor, and G. D. Smith Serum cholesterol, haemorrhagic stroke, ischaemic stroke, and myocardial infarction: Korean national health system prospective cohort study BMJ, July 1, 2006; 333(7557): 22. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Juvela and C. S. Kase Advances in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Management Stroke, February 1, 2006; 37(2): 301 - 304. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M J Ariesen, A Algra, C P Warlow, P M Rothwell, and on behalf of the Cerebrovascular Cohort Studies Co Predictors of risk of intracerebral haemorrhage in patients with a history of TIA or minor ischaemic stroke J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, January 1, 2006; 77(1): 92 - 94. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. L. Feigin, G. J.E. Rinkel, C. M.M. Lawes, A. Algra, D. A. Bennett, J. van Gijn, and C. S. Anderson Risk Factors for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: An Updated Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies Stroke, December 1, 2005; 36(12): 2773 - 2780. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Roquer, A. R. Campello, M. Gomis, A. Ois, E. Munteis, and P. Bohm Serum lipid levels and in-hospital mortality in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage Neurology, October 25, 2005; 65(8): 1198 - 1202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. C. Kim, D. R. Kang, C. M. Nam, N. W. Hur, J. S. Shim, S. H. Jee, and I. Suh Elevated Serum Aminotransferase Level as a Predictor of Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Korea Medical Insurance Corporation Study Stroke, August 1, 2005; 36(8): 1642 - 1647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. C. Kim, C. M. Nam, S. H. Jee, and I. Suh Comparison of Blood Pressure-Associated Risk of Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Korea Medical Insurance Corporation Study Hypertension, August 1, 2005; 46(2): 393 - 397. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Ritter, D. W. Droste, K. Hegedus, R. Szepesi, D. G. Nabavi, L. Csiba, and E. B. Ringelstein Role of cerebral amyloid angiopathy in intracerebral hemorrhage in hypertensive patients Neurology, April 12, 2005; 64(7): 1233 - 1237. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R Fogelholm, K Murros, A Rissanen, and S Avikainen Admission blood glucose and short term survival in primary intracerebral haemorrhage: a population based study J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, March 1, 2005; 76(3): 349 - 353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. L. O'Brien and B. F. Gage Costs and Effectiveness of Ximelagatran for Stroke Prophylaxis in Chronic Atrial Fibrillation JAMA, February 9, 2005; 293(6): 699 - 706. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Becker and M. Chopp Role of Statins in the Treatment and Prevention of Stroke: Introduction Stroke, November 1, 2004; 35(11_suppl_1): 2706 - 2707. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Johansson, J.-H. Jansson, B. Stegmayr, T. K. Nilsson, G. Hallmans, and K. Boman Hemostatic Factors as Risk Markers for Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Prospective Incident Case-Referent Study Stroke, April 1, 2004; 35(4): 826 - 830. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. G. Thrift Editorial Comment--Minor Risk Factors for Intracerebral Hemorrhage: The Jury Is Still Out Stroke, August 1, 2003; 34(8): 2065 - 2066. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|