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(Stroke. 2005;36:1241.)
© 2005 American Heart Association, Inc.

Original Contributions

Vampire Bat Salivary Plasminogen Activator (Desmoteplase) Inhibits Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator-Induced Potentiation of Excitotoxic Injury

Courtney Reddrop, BSc (Hons); Randal X. Moldrich, PhD; Philip M. Beart, DSc; Mark Farso, BSc (Hons); Gabriel T. Liberatore, PhD; David W. Howells, PhD; Karl-Uwe Petersen, MD; Wolf-Dieter Schleuning, MD, PhD Robert L. Medcalf, PhD

From the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases (C.R.), Monash University, AMREP, Prahran, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pharmacology (R.X.M.), Monash University, Clayton Campus, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pharmacology (P.B.), Monash University, Clayton Campus, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pharmacology (M.F., and current address for P.B.), University of Melbourne, Howard Florey Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine and Neurology (G.L.), University of Melbourne, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine and Neurology (D.W.), University of Melbourne, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; PAION Deutschland GmbH (K.P.), Aachen, Germany; Noxxon A.G. (W.S.), Biotech Park Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany; Australian Centre for Blood Diseases (R.L.M.), Monash University, Burnet Institute, AMREP, Prahran, Victoria, Australia.

Correspondence to Robert L. Medcalf, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, 6th Floor Burnet Institute, AMREP, 89 Commercial Road, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia. E-mail Robert.Medcalf{at}med.monash.edu.au

Background and Purpose— In contrast to tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) salivary plasminogen activator (desmoteplase [DSPA]) does not promote excitotoxic injury when injected directly into the brain. We have compared the excitotoxic effects of intravenously delivered tPA and DSPA and determined whether DSPA can antagonize the neurotoxic and calcium enhancing effects of tPA.

Methods— The brain striatal region of wild-type c57 Black 6 mice was stereotaxically injected with N-methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA); 24 hour later, mice received an intravenous injection of tPA or DSPA (10 mg/kg) and lesion size was assessed after 24 hours. Cell death and calcium mobilization studies were performed using cultures of primary murine cortical neurons.

Results— NMDA-mediated injury was increased after intravenous administration of tPA, whereas no additional toxicity was seen after administration of DSPA. Unlike DSPA, tPA enhanced NMDA-induced cell death and the NMDA-mediated increase in intracellular calcium levels in vitro. Moreover, the enhancing effects of tPA were blocked by DSPA.

Conclusions— Intravenous administration of tPA promotes excitotoxic injury, raising the possibility that leakage of tPA from the vasculature into the parenchyma contributes to brain damage. The lack of such toxicity by DSPA further encourages its use as a thrombolytic agent in the treatment of ischemic stroke.

Key Words: excitotoxicity • tissue plasminogen activator

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