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(Stroke. 2005;36:1679.)
© 2005 American Heart Association, Inc.

Original Contributions

Hyperbaric Oxygen Reduces Blood–Brain Barrier Damage and Edema After Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia

Roland Veltkamp, MD; Dirk A. Siebing, BS; Li Sun, BS; Sabine Heiland, PhD; Katja Bieber, PhD; Hugo H. Marti, MD; Simon Nagel, MD; Stefan Schwab, MD Markus Schwaninger, MD

From the Departments of Neurology (R.V., D.A.S., L.S., S.S., S.N., M.S.), Neuroradiology (S.H.), and Physiology (K.B., H.M.), Ruprechts-Karls-University Heidelberg, Germany.

Correspondence to Roland Veltkamp, MD, Department of Neurology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. E-mail roland_veltkamp{at}med.uni-heidelberg.de

Background and Purpose— Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) has been shown to protect the brain parenchyma against transient focal cerebral ischemia, but its effects on the ischemic microcirculation are largely unknown. We examined the potential of HBO to reduce postischemic blood–brain barrier (BBB) damage and edema.

Methods— Wistar rats and C57/BL6 mice underwent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) for 2 hours. Forty minutes after filament introduction, animals breathed either 100% O₂ at 3.0 atmospheres absolute (ata; HBO group) or at 1.0 ata (control) for 1 hour in an HBO chamber. In rats, MRI was performed 15 minutes after MCAO and after 15 minutes and 3, 6, 24, and 72 hours of reperfusion. In mice, BBB permeability for sodium fluorescein was measured after 24-hour reperfusion.

Results— Increased BBB permeability on postcontrast T1-weighted (T1w) images had a biphasic pattern. HBO reduced volumes and intensity of enhancement. Mean abnormal enhancing volumes were 71±10 mm³ (control) versus 47±10 mm³ (HBO) at 15 minutes; 111±21 mm³ versus 69±17 mm³ 3 hours; 147±44 mm³ versus 83±21 mm³ 6 hours; 150±37 mm³ versus 89±14 mm³ 24 hours; and 322±52 mm³ versus 215±21 mm³ 72 hours (all P<0.05). Interhemispheric quotients of mean gray values on T1w were at 1.73±0.11 versus 1.57±0.07 15 minutes; 1.74±0.07 versus 1.60±0.06 at 3 hours; 1.77±0.07 versus 1.62±0.06 at 6 hours; 1.79±0.10 versus 1.60±0.05 at 24 hours; and 1.81±0.10 versus 1.62±0.07 at 72 hours (all P<0.05). HBO-treated mice had significantly lower postischemic BBB permeability than mice treated with either normobaric hyperoxia or room air. Vasogenic edema assessed on T2w images and histologic sections was significantly lower in HBO-treated rats.

Conclusions— Intraischemic HBO therapy reduces early and delayed postischemic BBB damage and edema after focal ischemia in rats and mice.

Key Words: cerebrovascular disorders • hypoxia • magnetic resonance imaging • microcirculation

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