Published online before print August 17, 2006, doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000237236.88823.47
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Stroke. 2006;37:2220.)
© 2006 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contributions |
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke–Canadian Stroke Network Vascular Cognitive Impairment Harmonization Standards
From the London Health Sciences Centre (V.H.), University Campus, London, Ontario, Canada; the Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.I.), Division of Neurobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; the Department of Neurology (R.C.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.M.B.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (D.L.N.), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; the Division of Neurology Sunnybrook and Women’s College (S.E.B.), Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; the Department of Neurology (W.J.P., D.M.H.), Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; the Department of Neurology (C.D.), University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA; the Section on Stroke Diagnostics and Therapeutics (J.G.M.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Wolfson Centre (Neuropathology), Institute for Ageing and Health (R.N.K.), Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (H.V.V.), Section of Neuropathology, University of California, Los Angeles, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; the Department of Neurology (G.A.R.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; the Neurologische Klinik (M.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Klinikum Grosshadern, München, Germany; and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.R.M., G.G.L.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
Correspondence to Gabrielle G. Leblanc, PhD, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 6001 Executive Boulevard, Room 2136, Bethesda, MD 20892. E-mail leblancg{at}ninds.nih.gov
Background and Purpose— One in 3 individuals will experience a stroke, dementia or both. Moreover, twice as many individuals will have cognitive impairment short of dementia as either stroke or dementia. The commonly used stroke scales do not measure cognition, while dementia criteria focus on the late stages of cognitive impairment, and are heavily biased toward the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. No commonly agreed standards exist for identifying and describing individuals with cognitive impairment, particularly in the early stages, and especially with cognitive impairment related to vascular factors, or vascular cognitive impairment.
Methods— The National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and the Canadian Stroke Network (CSN) convened researchers in clinical diagnosis, epidemiology, neuropsychology, brain imaging, neuropathology, experimental models, biomarkers, genetics, and clinical trials to recommend minimum, common, clinical and research standards for the description and study of vascular cognitive impairment.
Results— The results of these discussions are reported herein.
Conclusions— The development of common standards represents a first step in a process of use, validation and refinement. Using the same standards will help identify individuals in the early stages of cognitive impairment, will make studies comparable, and by integrating knowledge, will accelerate the pace of progress.
Key Words: Binswangers disease • CADASIL • syndrome • cerebral infarction • cerebrovascular disorders • dementia • genetics • ischemia • lacunar infarction • leukoaraiosis • neuropsychology • stroke • vascular dementia
Related Article:
Stroke 2006 37: 2197.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  S. M. Gregoire, U. J. Chaudhary, M. M. Brown, T. A. Yousry, C. Kallis, H. R. Jager, and D. J. Werring The Microbleed Anatomical Rating Scale (MARS): Reliability of a tool to map brain microbleeds Neurology, November 24, 2009; 73(21): 1759 - 1766. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. I. Geerlings, A. P. A. Appelman, K. L. Vincken, W. P. T. M. Mali, and Yolanda van der Graaf for the SMART Study Group Association of White Matter Lesions and Lacunar Infarcts With Executive Functioning: The SMART-MR Study Am. J. Epidemiol., November 1, 2009; 170(9): 1147 - 1155. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Riegel, D. K. Moser, S. D. Anker, L. J. Appel, S. B. Dunbar, K. L. Grady, M. Z. Gurvitz, E. P. Havranek, C. S. Lee, J. Lindenfeld, et al. State of the Science: Promoting Self-Care in Persons With Heart Failure: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Circulation, September 22, 2009; 120(12): 1141 - 1163. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. R. Lesage, T. H. Mosley, T. Y. Wong, M. Szklo, D. Knopman, D. J. Catellier, S. R. Cole, R. Klein, J. Coresh, L. H. Coker, et al. Retinal microvascular abnormalities and cognitive decline: The ARIC 14-year follow-up study Neurology, September 15, 2009; 73(11): 862 - 868. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Koski, H. Xie, and L. Finch Measuring Cognition in a Geriatric Outpatient Clinic: Rasch Analysis of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, September 1, 2009; 22(3): 151 - 160. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S Melkas, N K J Oksala, H Jokinen, T Pohjasvaara, R Vataja, A Oksala, M Kaste, P J Karhunen, and T Erkinjuntti Poststroke dementia predicts poor survival in long-term follow-up: influence of prestroke cognitive decline and previous stroke J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, August 1, 2009; 80(8): 865 - 870. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. H Rojas-Fernandez and P. Moorhouse Current Concepts in Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Pharmacotherapeutic Implications Ann. Pharmacother., July 1, 2009; 43(7): 1310 - 1323. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Verghese, Cuiling Wang, M. J. Katz, A. Sanders, and R. B. Lipton Leisure Activities and Risk of Vascular Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, June 1, 2009; 22(2): 110 - 118. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Yamamoto, M. Ihara, C. Tham, R. W.C. Low, J. Y. Slade, T. Moss, A. E. Oakley, T. Polvikoski, and R. N. Kalaria Neuropathological Correlates of Temporal Pole White Matter Hyperintensities in CADASIL Stroke, June 1, 2009; 40(6): 2004 - 2011. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. M. Savva, S. B. Wharton, P. G. Ince, G. Forster, F. E. Matthews, C. Brayne, and the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function an Age, Neuropathology, and Dementia N. Engl. J. Med., May 28, 2009; 360(22): 2302 - 2309. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. A. Rosenberg Inflammation and White Matter Damage in Vascular Cognitive Impairment Stroke, March 1, 2009; 40(3_suppl_1): S20 - S23. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. J. Burton, R. Barber, E. B. Mukaetova-Ladinska, J. Robson, R. H. Perry, E. Jaros, R. N. Kalaria, and J. T. O'Brien Medial temporal lobe atrophy on MRI differentiates Alzheimer's disease from dementia with Lewy bodies and vascular cognitive impairment: a prospective study with pathological verification of diagnosis Brain, January 1, 2009; 132(1): 195 - 203. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Hachinski Shifts in Thinking About Dementia JAMA, November 12, 2008; 300(18): 2172 - 2173. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T.J. Huynh, B. Murphy, J.A. Pettersen, H. Tu, D.J. Sahlas, L. Zhang, S.P. Symons, S. Black, T.-Y. Lee, and R.I. Aviv CT Perfusion Quantification of Small-Vessel Ischemic Severity AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., November 1, 2008; 29(10): 1831 - 1836. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Rockwood and G. Gubitz Silent Cerebral Infarction: Are We Listening? Stroke, November 1, 2008; 39(11): 2919 - 2920. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Alafuzoff Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy, Hemorrhages and Superficial Siderosis Stroke, October 1, 2008; 39(10): 2699 - 2700. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Hachinski World Stroke Day 2008: "Little Strokes, Big Trouble" Stroke, September 1, 2008; 39(9): 2407 - 2408. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. M. Troen, M. Shea-Budgell, B. Shukitt-Hale, D. E. Smith, J. Selhub, and I. H. Rosenberg B-vitamin deficiency causes hyperhomocysteinemia and vascular cognitive impairment in mice PNAS, August 26, 2008; 105(34): 12474 - 12479. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. J. Donovan, D. L. Kendall, S. C. Heaton, S. Kwon, C. A. Velozo, and P. W. Duncan Conceptualizing Functional Cognition in Stroke Neurorehabil Neural Repair, April 1, 2008; 22(2): 122 - 135. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Levy-Cooperman, J. Ramirez, N. J. Lobaugh, and S. E. Black Misclassified Tissue Volumes in Alzheimer Disease Patients With White Matter Hyperintensities: Importance of Lesion Segmentation Procedures for Volumetric Analysis Stroke, April 1, 2008; 39(4): 1134 - 1141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. B. Wright, J. R. Festa, M. C. Paik, A. Schmiedigen, T. R. Brown, M. Yoshita, C. DeCarli, R. Sacco, and Y. Stern White Matter Hyperintensities and Subclinical Infarction: Associations With Psychomotor Speed and Cognitive Flexibility Stroke, March 1, 2008; 39(3): 800 - 805. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. H. Swartz, D. T. Stuss, F. Gao, and S. E. Black Independent Cognitive Effects of Atrophy and Diffuse Subcortical and Thalamico-Cortical Cerebrovascular Disease in Dementia Stroke, March 1, 2008; 39(3): 822 - 830. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Levy and G. J. Chelune Cognitive-Behavioral Profiles of Neurodegenerative Dementias: Beyond Alzheimer's Disease J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, December 1, 2007; 20(4): 227 - 238. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Hakim Vascular Disease: The Tsunami of Health Care Stroke, December 1, 2007; 38(12): 3296 - 3301. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. V. Bowler Modern concept of vascular cognitive impairment Br. Med. Bull., September 1, 2007; 83(1): 291 - 305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Schmidt, K. Petrovic, S. Ropele, C. Enzinger, and F. Fazekas Progression of Leukoaraiosis and Cognition Stroke, September 1, 2007; 38(9): 2619 - 2625. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. N. Kalaria Rounding up the usual suspects: Lacunar infarction and impairment in CADASIL Neurology, July 10, 2007; 69(2): 131 - 132. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. H. Kuller So, What's New? Stroke, May 1, 2007; 38(5): 1427 - 1429. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Hachinski Stroke and Vascular Cognitive Impairment: A Transdisciplinary, Translational and Transactional Approach Stroke, April 1, 2007; 38(4): 1396 - 1396. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. V. Bowler and P. B. Gorelick Advances in Vascular Cognitive Impairment 2006 Stroke, February 1, 2007; 38(2): 241 - 244. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Fisher, D. F. Hanley, G. Howard, E. C. Jauch, S. Warach, and for the STAIR Group Recommendations From the STAIR V Meeting on Acute Stroke Trials, Technology and Outcomes Stroke, February 1, 2007; 38(2): 245 - 248. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Ferro Welcome Harmonizations Stroke, September 1, 2006; 37(9): 2197 - 2197. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|