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(Stroke. 2007;38:753.)
© 2007 American Heart Association, Inc.

Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Introduction

Modeling Intracerebal Hemorrhage

Glutamate, Nuclear Factor-B Signaling and Cytokines

Kenneth R. Wagner, PhD

From the Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio and Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Correspondence to Kenneth R. Wagner, PhD, Research (151), Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3200 Vine St, Cincinnati, OH 45220. E-mail wagnerkr{at}email.uc.edu

Abstract

A significant amount of new information has been generated in animal models of intracerebral hemorrhage during the past several years. These include findings on the pathophysiological, biochemical and molecular processes that underlie the development of brain tissue injury after intracerebral hemorrhage as well as potential new treatments. We review these various findings that include glutamate receptor activation, oxidative stress development, intracellular signaling through the transcription factor, nuclear factor-B, and markedly upregulated cytokine gene expression. We also briefly review the surgical treatment for intracerebral hemorrhage and list the pharmacological treatment studies that have recently appeared.

Key Words: blood-brain barrier • edema, brain • free radicals • inflammation • intracranial hemorrhage • treatment