on February 19, 2009
Published online before print February 19, 2009, doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.531699
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Submitted on July 18, 2008
From Department of Physiology (T.S., V.J., R.A., W.C., H.S., J.H.Z.), Department of Neurosurgery (J.H.Z.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, Calif; Section of Neurosurgery (T.S.), Department of Brain Medical Science, Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: johnzhang3910{at}yahoo.com.
Background and Purpose—We investigated the role of thrombin in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Methods—The standard intravascular perforation model was used to produce experimental SAH in Sprague Dawley rats. Low-dose (0.3 mg/h) and high-dose (0.9 mg/h) argatroban, a direct thrombin inhibitor, were evaluated for effects on brain edema, blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, apoptotic cell death, inflammatory marker, and neurological outcomes after SAH. Results—Both doses of argatroban attenuated BBB disruption; however, only high-dose was effective in lowering edema in all brain regions, reducing cell death, and inflammatory marker expression, and improving neurological outcomes. Conclusions—Thrombin inhibition by argatroban improves neurological outcomes and provides neuroprotection against acute events after SAH such as BBB disruption, brain edema, and cell death.
Revised on August 27, 2008
Accepted on September 12, 2008
Thrombin Inhibition by Argatroban Ameliorates Early Brain Injury and Improves Neurological Outcomes After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats
Takashi Sugawara MD;
Key words: argatroban • brain edema • early brain injury • subarachnoid hemorrhage • thrombin