on May 21, 2009
Published online before print May 21, 2009, doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.541144
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Submitted on January 31, 2009
From the Institut Fédératif de Recherche (A.J., J.F.L.), Unité d'Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique, Pôle Imagerie CHU Grenoble, France; Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (A.J., B.N., J.F.L.), Inserm U.836, Equipe 5, Neuroimagerie Fonctionnelle et Métabolique, Grenoble, France; Unité Neurovasculaire (B.N., S.T.-M.), Pôle Neurologie-Psychiatrie, CHU Grenoble, France; and Centre d'Investigations cliniques (M.H.), INSERM CIC 003 CHU Grenoble, France. * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Assia.Jaillard{at}ujf-grenoble.fr.
Background and Purpose—Determining cognitive dysfunctioning (CDF) after stroke is an important issue because it influences choices for management in terms of return to previous activities. Because previous research in subacute stroke has shown important variations in CDF rates, we aimed to describe the frequency and neuropsychological profile of CDF in subacute stroke outside dementia. We used a large battery of tests to screen any potentially hidden CDF. Methods—Patients with Mini-Mental State Examination scores Results—Among 177 patients (mean age, 50.6 years), 91.5% failed in at least one cognitive domain. WM was the most impaired domain (87.6%) with executive functions (64.4%), episodic memory (64.4%), and instrumental functions (24.9%) being relatively preserved. CDF was associated with age, education, depression, neurological deficit, and leukoaraiosis in bivariate analysis. Using logistic regression, WM tests and age predicted CDF (Modified Paced Auditorial Serial Addition Test: OR=0.96 CI=0.93 to 0.98; Owen-spatial-WM: OR=1.07 CI=1.02 to 1.12; age: OR=0.96 CI=0.93 to 0.98). Conclusion—CDF appears to be almost constant, although underestimated, in subacute stroke. WM could reflect some hidden dysfunctioning, which may interfere with rehabilitation and return to work. Clinical routine may include WM tests in young patients with mild stroke.
Revised on February 25, 2009
Accepted on February 27, 2009
Hidden Dysfunctioning in Subacute Stroke
Assia Jaillard MD, PhD*;
23 were prospectively and consecutively included 2 weeks after a first-ever ischemic brain infarct. Stroke features were based on MRI. Four domains were evaluated: instrumental and executive functions, episodic memory, and working memory (WM). Patients were scored using means and compared with education- and age-matched control subjects. Then we attributed Z-scores for each test and each domain. The most relevant cognitive tests characterizing CDF were determined using logistic regression.
Key words: acute stroke • brain infarction • cerebral infarct • cognition • cognitive impairment • cognitive neurology • depression • leukoaraiosis • MRI • neuropsychology • stroke in young adults • stroke management • stroke recovery • vascular cognitive impairment • young • stroke in • working memory