Hemostatic Drug Therapies for Acute, Nontraumatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage

- acute cerebral hemorrhage
- intracerebral hemorrhage
- emergency treatment of stroke
- other stroke treatment, medical
Section Editor: Graeme J. Hankey MD, FRCP
Because nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) volume strongly influences its outcome and a third of ICHs enlarge by a third within 24 hours of onset, hemostatic drug therapy given very soon after ICH onset might improve outcome.
Objective
We sought to determine the clinical effectiveness and safety of hemostatic drug therapies for acute nontraumatic ICH in randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
Search Strategy
In August 2005 we searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE from 1966 and EMBASE from 1980. We also scanned bibliographies of relevant articles, searched international registers of clinical trials and research, and contacted authors and pharmaceutical companies.
Selection Criteria
We sought randomized controlled trials of any hemostatic drug therapy for acute nontraumatic ICH, compared against placebo or open control, with relevant clinical outcome measures.
Data Collection and Analysis
Two review authors (R.A.-S., H.Y.) independently applied the inclusion criteria, reviewed the relevant studies, and extracted data from them.
Main Results
We found 4 phase II RCTs, involving adults aged 18 years or over, within 4 hours of nontraumatic ICH. One hundred and sixteen study participants received placebo and 373 received hemostatic drugs (2 received ε-aminocaproic acid and 371 received recombinant activated factor VII [rFVIIa]).
Hemostatic drugs reduced the relative risk of death within 90 days of nontraumatic ICH (risk reduction [RR] 0.67; 95% CI, 0.46 to 0.97, random effects; Figure). Specifically, rFVIIa appeared to reduce the risk of death or dependence on the modified Rankin Scale (grades 4 to 6) within 90 days of nontraumatic ICH (RR 0.79; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.93) but not when assessed by the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (RR 0.90; 95% CI, 0.81 to 1.01). A statistically significant excess of arterial thromboembolism at 160-μg/kg rFVIIa has been found in the trials (odds ratio 7.17, P=0.0004 versus placebo1).
Effect of hemostatic drugs compared with placebo or open control on death at 90 days of follow-up in patients with acute, nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage. ATICH was a trial of ε-aminocaproic acid
Implications for Clinical Practice
The evidence for the use of hemostatic drugs in the treatment of acute ICH is insufficient to provide clear guidelines for practice but should influence priorities for research.
Implications for Research
The clinical benefits of hemostatic drugs for acute nontraumatic ICH that have been observed among the secondary outcomes in phase II RCTs have led to a large phase III RCT of rFVIIa (FAST trial, NCT00127283). The FAST trial must (1) confirm or refute the apparent effects of rFVIIa on death or dependence and (2) provide more reliable evidence on whether any benefit from reduced hematoma growth is offset by an increase in arterial and venous thromboembolic events.
Evidence of the effects of less costly hemostatic drugs (for example, aprotinin, tranexamic acid, and ε-aminocaproic acid) in other clinical settings suggests that these drugs are also worth testing in large RCTs in people with acute nontraumatic ICH.
Note: The full text of this review is available in the Cochrane Library (for subscribers http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley. com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD005951/frame.html). The full article should be cited as: You H, Al-Shahi R. Hemostatic drug therapies for acute primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD005951. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005951.pub2.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Professor Christopher Ludlam (University of Edinburgh) and members of the Cochrane Stroke Review Group for their comments on the manuscript.
Sources of Funding
This review was funded by the China Scholarship Council and GanSu Province Peoples’ Hospital (to H.Y.) and a UK Medical Research Council Clinician Scientist Fellowship (to R.A.S.).
Disclosures
None.
- Received September 3, 2006.
- Accepted September 10, 2006.
References
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Diringer MN, Selchen D, Davis S, Mayer SA, Brun NC, Broderick J, Skolnick BE, Steiner T; Recombinant Activated Factor VII Intracerebral Hemorrhage Trial Investigators. Safety profile of recombinant factor VIIa in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2006; 37: 623. Abstract.
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- Hemostatic Drug Therapies for Acute, Nontraumatic Intracerebral HemorrhageRustam Al-Shahi and Hong YouStroke. 2007;38:204-205, originally published December 22, 2006https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000251797.86897.a3
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